UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT  LOS  ANGELES 


IOWA  CHRONICLES 

OF  THE 

WORLD  WAR 


THE  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 


CHRONICLES    OF    THE    WORLD    WAR 

EDITED     BY     BENJAMIN     F.     SHAMBAUGH 


THE  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

BY 

EARL  S.  FULLBROOK 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES 
Vol.  I 


i!:'K.' 


PUBLISHED    AT    IOWA    CITY   IOWA   IN   1922   BY 
THE    STATE    HISTOKICAL    SOCIETY    OF    IOWA 


j 


1^  F9 


v. 


EDITOR'S  INTRODUCTION 


^    To  preserve  substantial  uniformity  in  the 

***    books  wliicli  appear  in  tlie  series  of  loiva 

Chronicles  of  the  Wo^id  War,  the  history  of 

The  Red  Cross  in  Iowa  by  Mr.  Fullbrook  is 

published  in  two   volumes  —  although  the 

^  contents  of  the  two  books  present  an  un- 

^  broken  account  of  the  Red  Cross  in  Iowa 

during  the  World  War. 

Each  volume  is  paged  separately;  but 
the  chapters  are  numbered  consecutively 
yj  through  the  entire  work,  as  are  also  the 
notes  and  references.  At  the  end  of  each 
volume  the  notes  and  references  follow  the 
text  to  which  they  relate.  A  complete  table 
of  contents  and  a  consolidated  index,  as  well 


viii  EDITOR'S  INTRODUCTION 

as  this  editor's  introduction,  appear  in  each 
volume.  The  author's  preface  is  found  in 
the  first  volume  only. 

Benj.  F.  Shambaugh 


Office  op  the  Superintendent  and  Editor 

The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa 

Iowa  City  Iowa 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE 

Lakge  numbers  of  the  people  in  the  United 
States  helped  to  carry  out  the  Red  Cross  pro- 
gram during  the  World  War:  many  persons 
were  members  of  the  organization;  many  con- 
tributed funds;  and  many  engaged  in  various 
Red  Cross  activities.  It  would  seem,  therefore, 
that  there  would  be  considerable  interest  in  a 
record  of  what  the  Red  Cross  did  in  different 
communities  and  what  the  communities  did  for 
the  Red  Cross,  how  the  local  activities  coordi- 
nated with  the  general  Red  Cross  program,  and 
what  became  of  the  large  amount  of  supplies 
and  funds  that  were  contributed. 

In  the  pages  that  follow  an  effort  has  been 
made  to  record  the  Red  Cross  activities  in 
which  the  people  of  Iowa  participated  or  for 
which  they  contributed.  A  complete  account  of 
all  such  activities  and  contributions  has  not 
been  attempted.  The  author's  purpose  has 
been  to  give  only  a  general  idea  of  the  part 


X  AUTHOR'S   PREFACE 

Iowa  took  in  carrying  through  the  Red  Cross 
movement  in  relation  to  the  World  War.  To 
accomplish  this  purpose  it  was  found  desirable 
to  draw  upon  the  experiences  of  a  large  number 
of  local  communities  for  illustrative  material. 
Nor  are  the  experiences  cited  and  materials 
used  the  only  instances  of  the  kind,  or  illustra- 
tive of  the  greatest  accomplishments:  on  the 
contrary,  they  were  chosen  because  they  were 
representative  of  what  took  place  in  many 
different  parts  of  the  State. 

Many  difficulties  are  encountered  in  attempt- 
ing to  record  events  so  soon  after  their  occur- 
rence: indeed,  some  historians  might  think  it 
unwise  to  make  the  effort.  To  the  author, 
however,  the  task  has  seemed  to  be  quite  worth 
while.  It  is  only  from  those  who  participated 
in  and  were  responsible  for  the  success  of  the 
movement  that  one  can  catch  the  real  spirit  that 
dominated  the  Red  Cross  activities.  To  these 
same  persons  one  must  also  turn  for  many  facts 
that  are  necessary  to  make  the  record  complete. 

An  earlier  study,  made  by  the  present  author, 
of  the  accomplishments  of  the  Sanitary  Com- 
mission   during   the    Civil    War   justifies    the 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE  xi 

opinion  that  a  great  many  of  the  activities  of 
the  Red  Cross  in  the  World  War  were  under- 
taken by  the  Sanitary  Commission  in  the  earlier 
conflict.  Only  meager  information  concerning 
what  was  then  done  was  preserved  when  the 
results  were  fresh  in  the  minds  of  the  partici- 
pants. Hence  the  Red  Cross  had  to  work  out 
many  of  the  problems  anew.  For  that  reason 
such  a  study  as  is  contained  in  the  following 
pages  may  be  of  special  value  sometime  in  the 
future. 

A  variety  of  sources  have  been  drawn  upon 
in  the  preparation  of  the  present  volumes. 
Important  among  these  were  the  publications 
of  the  American  Red  Cross,  including  regular 
and  special  bulletins,  pamphlets,  and  reports 
from  the  national,  divisional,  and  State  officials. 
As  a  means  of  discovering  important  material 
and  finding  out  what  was  done  in  the  several 
districts,  newspapers  from  different  cities  of 
the  State  were  found  to  be  very  useful. 

Invaluable  was  the  information  received  from 
Red  Cross  records  and  correspondence,  and 
from  Red  Cross  workers  themselves.  In  all 
cases  those  engaged  in  the  different  lines  of 


xii  AUTHOR'S   PREFACE 

Eed  Cross  work  were  eager  to  give  any  assist- 
ance possible.  Considerable  time  was  spent  in 
the  offices  of  the  Central  Division  of  the  Amer- 
ican Eed  Cross  at  Chicago,  where  access  was 
had  to  the  records,  files,  and  correspondence. 
A  great  deal  of  valuable  information  was 
gained  from  conferences  with  those  in  charge 
of  the  division  bureaus. 

Through  the  courtesy  of  Dr.  A.  E.  Kepford 
access  was  had  to  the  records  and  correspond- 
ence in  the  Iowa  State  director's  office  at  Des 
Moines;  and  John  P.  Wallace,  who  managed 
the  first  Roll  Call  and  the  Second  War  Fund 
Drive  in  Iowa,  generously  opened  up  for  exam- 
ination the  materials  in  his  office.  To  these  and 
many  others,  all  of  whom  it  would  be  impos- 
sible to  mention,  the  author  is  greatly  indebted 
for  valuable  assistance. 

For  encouragement  and  advice  during  the 
preparation  of  the  manuscript  and  for  its  edit- 
ing the  author  is  indebted  to  Dr.  Benj.  F. 
Shambaugh,  Superintendent  and  Editor  of  the 
State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa.  Dr.  F.  E. 
Haynes  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa  gave 
constant  advice  and  assistance.     Dr.  Ruth  A. 


AUTHOR'S   PREFACE  xiii 

Gallalier  carefully  read  the  manuscript  and 
compiled  tlie  index,  and  Miss  Helen  Otto  as- 
sisted in  its  verification. 

Earl  S.  Fullbrook 


The  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa 
Iowa  City  Iowa 


CONTENTS 
VOL.  I 
I.     Origin  of  the  Red  Ceoss    ....       1 

II.      FOEMATION    OF    THE    AmEEICAN    ReD 

Ceoss 1-8 

III.  The  Wae  Oegaxization     ....     37 

IV.  Development  of  Red  Ceoss  Oegan- 

ization  in  Iowa 60 

V.     Red  Ceoss  Membeeship 90 

VI.     Finances  of  the  National  Oegan- 

IZATION 137 

VII.     Financing  Local  Organizations     .  183 

Notes  and  References 205 

Index 237 

VOL.  II 

VIII.     The  Work  op  the  Women     •     •     •      1 
IX.     Canteen  Service 39 


XV 


xvi  CONTENTS 

X.    Home  Seevice 59 

XI.     Home  Seevice  (Continued)    ...     96 
XII.     Camp  Seevice 124 

XIII.  NuEsiNG  Seevice 152 

XIV.  The  Junioe  Red  Ceoss 181 

Notes  and  Refeeences 211 

Index 237 


Origiit  of  the  Red  Ckoss 

Concerning  the  beginnings  of  the  Red  Cross 
the  most  obvious  fact  is  that  it  ''originated  in 
a  practical  attempt  to  meet  a  practical  need 
with  a  practical  remedy.  Sometimes  a  'move- 
ment' originates  in  an  idea,  and  develops 
through  attempts  to  put  the  idea  into  practice ; 
but  Red  Cross  began  in  practice  and  developed 
its  'ideas'  out  of  practical  situations."^ 

Pages  of  early  history  record  many  instances 
of  care  and  comfort  administered  to  sick  and 
wounded  soldiers.  But  the  first  organized  ef- 
fort in  this  direction  which  endured  for  any 
great  length  of  time  and  which  might  be  linked 
up  with  the  Red  Cross  movement  of  to-day 
originated  with  the  Knights  of  St.  John  or 
Knights  Hospitallers  of  the  Crusades  and  has 
continued  to  the  present  time.^ 

THE  KNIGHTS  HOSPITALLERS 

It  was  in  1023  that  the  Hospital  of  St.  John 
was  established  at  Jerusalem  to  care  for  the 
poor  and  sick  Latin  pilgrims.  In  time  this 
organization  developed  into  a  military  order  of 

VOL.  I — 2  1 


2  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

great  strength  and  wealth.  Later  when  driven 
out  of  the  Holy  Land  the  Knights  settled  at 
Ehodes.  Here  they  remained  until  1522  when 
they  went  to  Malta.  As  a  military  order  the 
organization  of  Knights  Hospitallers  was  later 
suppressed,  but  it  was  afterwards  revived  as  a 
charitable  institution  with  special  provisions 
for  tending  the  sick  and  wounded  in  war. 

It  has  been  said  of  the  Knights:  "Not  their 
riches  nor  their  power  nor  their  military  prow- 
ess have  given  them  their  distinguished  place 
in  history,  but  their  deeds  of  mercy  to  the  sick 
and  wounded."  An  interesting  account  is 
given  of  the  aid  administered  by  them  after  an 
earthquake  in  Sicily  and  Calabria  in  1783. 
Galleys  had  been  laid  up  for  the  winter  when 
news  of  the  disaster  reached  Malta,  but  within 
"a  night"  they  were  made  ready  and  dis- 
patched with  a  generous  cargo  of  supplies  for 
the  sufferers.^ 

THE  WORK  OF  FLORENCE  NIGHTINGALE 

Much  closer  to  the  Red  Cross  of  to-day  was 
the  work  done  by  Florence  Nightingale  for  the 
sick  and  wounded  of  the  English  army  during 
the  Crimean  War.  Early  in  the  war  the  ter- 
rible conditions  in  the  English  hospitals  were 
set  forth  by  a  special  correspondent  of  the 
London  Times  who  wrote:  ''It  is  with  feelings 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  3 

of  surprise  and  anger  that  the  public  will  learn 
that  no  sufficient  preparations  have  been  made 
for  the  proper  care  of  the  wounded.  Not  only 
are  there  not  sufficient  surgeons  —  that,  it 
might  be  argued,  was  unavoidable ;  not  only  are 
there  no  dressers  or  nurses  —  that  might  be  a 
defect  of  system  for  which  no  one  is  to  blame ; 
but  what  will  be  said  when  it  is  known  that 
there  is  not  even  linen  to  make  bandages  for 
the  wounded!  The  greatest  commiseration  pre- 
vails for  the  suffering  of  the  unhappy  inmates 
of  Scutari,  and  every  family  is  giving  sheets 
and  old  garments  to  supply  their  wants. ' ' 

On  the  following  day  the  same  correspondent 
said:  "It  is  impossible  for  any  one  to  see  the 
melancholy  sights  of  the  last  few  days  without 
feelings  of  surprise  and  indignation  at  the  de- 
ficiencies of  our  medical  system.  The  manner 
in  which  the  sick  and  wounded  are  treated  is 
worthy  only  of  the  savages  of  Dahomey.  .  .  . 
The  worn-out  pensioners  who  were  brought  as 
an  ambulance  corps  are  totally  useless,  and  not 
only  are  surgeons  not  to  be  had,  but  there  are 
no  dressers  or  nurses  to  carry  out  the  sur- 
geon's directions,  and  to  attend  on  the  sick 
during  the  intervals  between  his  visits.""* 

Following  these  revelations  a  popular  de- 
mand arose  in  England  for  the  alleviation  of 
these  conditions.     The  press  appealed  to  the 


4  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

people  to  take  action  and  do  something  to  help 
the  soldiers  in  the  East.  Funds  at  once  began 
to  pour  in  for  the  cause.  The  suggestion  was 
made  that  women  be  sent  to  nurse  and  care  for 
the  sick  and  wounded;  and  it  was  in  this  way 
that  relief  for  those  in  the  hospitals  was  finally 
secured.^ 

Two  days  after  the  publication  of  the  dis- 
patches, Sidney  Herbert,  the  Secretary  of  State 
for  War,  addressed  a  letter  to  Florence  Night- 
ingale, whom  he  considered  the  one  person  in 
England  capable  of  organizing  and  superin- 
tending an  expedition  of  nurses  to  the  hospitals 
in  Scutari.  About  the  same  time  Miss  Night- 
ingale, having  seen  the  opportunity  for  service, 
wrote  to  Mrs.  Herbert  offering  to  undertake 
the  work,  the  two  letters  crossing  on  their 
way.^ 

One  week  later,  on  October  21, 1854,  Florence 
Nightingale  with  thirty-eight  nurses  left  Lon- 
don for  Scutari,  arriving  there  on  the  fourth  of 
November.  From  the  commander  of  the  Eng- 
lish forces  Miss  Nightingale  received  "nothing 
but  courtesy,  sympathy,  and  support";  but 
from  some  of  the  officers  and  men  her  reception 
was  at  first  far  from  cordial.  "There  was 
sometimes  ill-disguised  jealousy,  and  conse- 
quent sulkiness.  Outwardly,  there  was  polite- 
ness; but  difficulties  were  put  in  the  way",  and 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  5 

Miss  Nightingale  'Svas  left  to  shift  for  her- 
self". Most  of  the  medical  men  soon  accepted 
her  assistance,  since  she  proved  herself  to  be 
efficient  and  helpful.  Indeed,  a  majority  of  the 
doctors  welcomed  her  and  her  staff  and  made 
as  much  use  as  possible  of  them,  but  others 
resented  their  presence  and  threw  obstacles  in 
their  way."^ 

The  conditions  in  the  hospitals,  as  described 
in  the  London  Times,  turned  out  to  be  very 
near  the  truth;  yet  still  more  wounded  were 
arriving.  A  few  days  after  reaching  Scutari, 
Miss  Nightingale  wrote:  ''the  wounded  are 
now  lying  up  to  our  very  door,  and  we  are  land- 
ing 540  more  from  the  Andes,  I  take  rank  in 
the  army  as  a  Brigadier  General,  because  40 
British  females,  whom  I  have  with  me,  are  more 
difficult  to  manage  than  4,000  men.  Let  no  lady 
come  out  here  who  is  not  used  to  fatigue  and 
privation."^ 

It  was  not  long  before  conditions  in  the  hos- 
pitals began  to  improve.  The  nurses  found 
much  to  do  and  proved  to  be  of  inestimable  ser- 
vice. Not  only  were  the  men  given  nursing 
care,  but  the  hospitals  were  cleaned ;  diet  kitch- 
ens were  started;  clothes  were  provided;  and 
even  the  camp  followers  were  cared'  for  as  far 
as  possible.  By  the  spring  of  1855  the  hospital 
conditions    had    greatly    improved.      Sanitary 


6  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

works  had  been  executed  and  supplies  were 
mucli  more  plentiful.  The  rate  of  mortality  had 
dropped  from  forty-two  per  cent  to  twenty-two 
per  thousand  of  the  cases  treated.  The  value  of 
women  nurses  was  fully  established,  and  before 
the  war  ended  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
were  under  Miss  Nightingale's  direction.^ 

In  his  biography  of  Florence  Nightingale, 
Cook  writes  that  "it  would  be  an  idle  fairy  tale 
to  represent  that  by  her  exertions,  either  in  a 
couple  of  days,  or  a  couple  of  months,  she  ef- 
fected a  complete  transformation  scene.  And 
it  would  be  unfair  to  attribute  solely  to  Miss 
Nightingale  the  gradual  improvements  which, 
though  largely  due  to  her  initiative  and  re- 
source ....  were  in  fact  the  result  of  the 
exertions  of  many  persons  both  at  home  and  in 
the  East.  .  .  .  She  was  able  of  her  own  ini- 
tiative to  institute  considerable  reform ;  but  she 
was  a  reformer  on  a  larger  scale  through  the 
influence  which  she  exercised.  .  .  .  The  in- 
herent strength  of  her  influence  lay  in  the 
masterful  will  and  practical  good  sense  which 
gave  her  dominion  over  the  minds  of  men."^*' 

Florence  Nightingale  was  greatly  beloved  by 
the  men  who  came  under  her  care.  One  man 
says  of  her :  ' '  What  a  comfort  it  was  to  see  her 
pass  even.  She  would  speak  to  one  and  nod 
and  smile  to  as  manv  more:  but  she  could  not 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  7 

do  it  to  all,  you  know.  We  lay  there  by  the  hun- 
dreds ;  but  we  could  kiss  her  shadow  as  it  fell, 
and  lay  our  heads  on  our  pillow  again,  con- 
tent." In  the  descriptions  of  Miss  Nightin- 
gale and  her  work,  Longfellow  found  the  sub- 
ject for  one  of  his  best  known  poems : 

Lo !  in  that  hour  of  misery 
A  lady  with  a  lamp  I  see 

Pass  through  the  glimmering  gloom, 

And  flit  from  room  to  room. 
And  slow,  as  in  a  dream  of  bliss, 
The  speechless  sufferer  turns  to  kiss 

Her  shadow,  as  it  falls 

Upon  the  darkening  walls.^i 

HENRI  DUNANT 

The  battle  of  Solferino,  in  which  the  French 
and  Italians  defeated  the  Austrians,  took  place 
on  June  24,  1859.  Fighting  raged  over  a  terri- 
tory about  twelve  miles  long  and  six  miles  wide, 
**a  territory  diversified  by  a  succession  of  hills 
with  intervening  valleys,  and  studded  by  a  num- 
ber of  little  villages  and  many  farmsteads.  .  .  . 
Here,  amid  the  vines  and  mulberry  trees  and 
over  fields  where  com  stood  higher  than  the 
tallest  soldiers,  fought,  all  day  long,  the  largest 
armies  Europe  had  seen  since  the  battle  of 
Leipsic  of  181 3 ' '.  The  French  and  Italians  had 
138,000  men  including  366  pieces  of  artillery 


8  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

and  108  squadrons  of  cavalry;  while  tlie 
Austrians  numbered  129,000  men  and  had  429 
cannon  and  80  squadrons  of  cavalry. ^^ 

The  conflict  began  about  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning  when  the  two  armies  unexpectedly 
came  together.  ''All  day  long,  under  the  ter- 
rific, suffocating  heat  of  June,  the  gigantic 
struggle  went  on  among  the  hills  and  ravines. 
.  .  .  At  half  past  four  in  the  afternoon  a 
terrific  summer  tempest  broke  over  the  ravaged 
field,  first  clouds  of  dust,  then  torrential  rains, 
and  with  the  rains  came  hail."  When  the 
storm  cleared  the  Austrians  were  retreating 
and  the  French  were  unable  to  pursue.  The 
losses  of  the  battle  were  appalling.  Of  the  al- 
lies, seventeen  thousand  were  killed,  wounded, 
or  missing;  while  the  losses  of  the  Austrians 
numbered  twenty-two  thousand.^^ 

Henri  Dunant,  a  native  of  Greneva,  Switzer- 
land, who  was  traveling  in  Italy  at  the  time, 
happened  to  be  near  at  hand  during  the  battle 
of  Solferino.  When  the  engagement  was  over 
he  hurried  to  see  if  he  could  be  of  any  service 
to  those  who  had  been  left  wounded  upon  the 
battlefield.  Never  was  the  need  of  aid  more 
imperative  and  rarely  has  it  been  more  inade- 
quately supplied.  Dunant 's  own  description  of 
what  he  found  tells  the  story.  ' '  The  battlefield 
is  everywhere  covered  with  bodies  of  men  and 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  9 

horses;  the  highways,  the  ditches,  the  ravines, 
thickets,  and  meadows  are  sown  with  dead 
bodies,  and  the  environs  of  Solferino  are  liter- 
ally heaped  with  them."^'^ 

For  several  days  Dunant  remained  at  Solfer- 
ino helping  to  provide  for  the  wounded.  With 
the  aid  of  peasant  women,  boys,  and  girls,  and 
all  available  help  he  undertook  to  meet  the  situ- 
ation. **  Churches,  cloisters,  barracks,  were 
filled  with  the  wounded,  whose  only  bed  was 
loose  straw.  Straw  also  was  strewn  in  the 
streets  and  courtyards  and  squares  above  which 
planks  or  canvas  were  placed  to  protect  from 
the  fierceness  of  a  tropical  sun."  Everything 
possible  was  done  to  relieve  the  sufferers,  but 
owing  to  inadequate  facilities  and  an  insufficient 
personnel,  many  of  the  wounded  were  inevitably 
neglected.^^ 

Henri  Dunant  was  greatly  moved  by  his  ex- 
periences following  the  battle  of  Solferino,  and 
thereafter  he  gave  much  thought  to  the  subject 
of  caring  for  the  wounded  in  war  times.  His 
conclusion  was  that  the  medical  equipment  of 
an  army  could  not  be  relied  upon  to  meet  the 
demands  of  a  great  battle;  that  efficient  relief 
could  not  be  organized  on  the  spot  when  need 
arose ;  and  that  volunteer  helpers,  suddenly  en- 
listed, were  not  capable  of  adequately  handling 
such  emergencies.     Three  years  later  he  pub- 


10  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

lislied  Tin  Souvenir  de  Solferino  which  con- 
tained a  stirring  account  of  what  he  had  seen  at 
Solferino  and  raised  the  question:  "May  there 
not  be  some  way,  during  a  period  of  peace  and 
tranquility,  of  forming  relief  societies  whose 
aim  should  be  to  help  the  wounded  in  time  of 
war,  by  means  of  volunteers,  zealous,  devoted, 
and  well  qualified  for  such  a  work?"^^ 

THE  GENEVA  CONFERENCE  OF   1863 

In  this  suggestion  from  Dunant  is  found  the 
germ  of  the  idea  that  developed  into  the  Inter- 
national Red  Cross  Society.  Dunant  submitted 
his  proposal  to  the  Geneva  Society  of  Public 
Utility,  of  which  he  was  a  member.  After  con- 
sidering the  proposal  this  organization  decided 
to  call  an  international  conference.  Invitations 
were  sent  to  a  large  number  of  public  spirited 
men  in  various  countries  to  meet  at  Geneva  to 
determine  the  practicability  of  Dunant 's  ideas 
and  devise  means  for  carrying  them  forward. 
Dunant  himself  traveled  through  Europe  in 
order  to  explain  his  plans  and  win  support  for 
them.  Among  those  who  promised  support  was 
the  head  of  the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem.^"^ 

Thirty-six  delegates  from  fourteen  countries 
met  at  Geneva  on  October  26, 1863.  Eighteen  of 
those  present  were  semi-official  representatives 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  11 

of  foreign  governments.  Dunant's  proposals 
were  very  favorably  received  and  resolutions 
were  passed  recommending  that,  in  each  coun- 
try adhering  to  the  proposed  agreement,  organi- 
zations be  formed  to  cooperate  in  times  of  war 
with  the  army  medical  service;  that  all  such 
volunteer  societies  wear  a  red  cross  as  a  dis- 
tinguishing mark;  that  during  peace  their  ef- 
forts be  devoted  to  preparing  materials  and 
training  volunteer  nurses;  and  that  hospitals 
and  their  personnel  be  neutralized.  This  was 
all  that  could  be  accomplished,  for  the  persons 
in  attendance  had  no  power  to  bind  their  gov- 
ernments to  any  agreements.  Another  conven- 
tion being  deemed  necessary,  the  Federal 
Council  of  Switzerland,  on  June  6,  1864,  issued 
invitations  to  all  the  states  of  Europe  and  to 
some  of  America  to  send  delegates,  with  full 
power  to  act,  to  a  second  convention  to  be  held 
in  August.^^^ 

THE  GENEVA  TREATY 

The  second  international  convention  met  at 
Geneva  in  August,  1864.  Twenty-six  delegates, 
representing  sixteen  countries,  were  in  session 
for  fourteen  days,  and  the  result  of  their  delib- 
erations was  the  formation  and  adoption  of  the 
Geneva  Treaty  —  sometimes  called  the  Red 
Cross  Treaty.    Twelve  nations  signed  the  treaty 


12  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

at  that  time.  By  July,  1907,  fifty-four  govern- 
ments had  agreed  to  abide  by  its  provisions. 
The  treaty,  which  was  very  similar  to  the  rec- 
ommendations of  the  Convention  of  1863,  pro- 
vided for  the  neutralization  of  ambulances, 
hospitals,  and  persons  engaged  in  ministering 
to  the  wounded  and  for  the  return  of  wounded 
men  to  their  own  people.  The  red  cross  on  a 
white  background  —  the  Swiss  national  emblem 
reversed  —  was  agreed  upon  as  the  distinguish- 
ing badge  for  hospitals,  ambulances,  and  per- 
sons engaged  in  relief  activities. ^^ 

THE  UNITED  STATES  SANITARY  COMMISSION 

Being  then  engaged  in  civil  war,  the  United 
States  did  not  consider  it  wise  to  send  official 
delegates  to  the  Geneva  Convention  and  did 
not,  at  the  time,  become  a  signer  of  the  Geneva 
Treaty.  Nevertheless  the  United  States  was 
represented  informally  by  George  C.  Fogg, 
American  minister  to  Switzerland,  and  Charles 
S.  P.  Bowles,  European  agent  of  the  United 
States  Sanitaiy  Commission.^*^ 

Private  individuals  had  organized  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission  in  June,  1861, 
soon  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War.  The 
government  order  sanctioning  its  creation 
stated  that  it  should  ''direct  its  inquiries  to  the 
principles  and  practices  connected  with  the  in- 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  13 

spection  of  recruits  and  enlisted  men;  to  the 
sanitary  condition  of  tlie  volunteers;  to  the 
means  of  preserving  and  restoring  the  health, 
and  of  securing  the  general  comfort  and  effi- 
ciency of  troops;  to  the  proper  provision  of 
cooks,  nurses,  and  hospitals ;  and  to  other  sub- 
jects of  like  nature."  The  chief  aim  of  the 
Commission  was  preventive  service  and  this 
was  constantly  emphasized,  but  the  collection 
and  distribution  of  supplies  and  comforts  for 
the  army  became  an  important  feature  of  its 
work,  and  to  the  general  public  it  sometimes 
seemed  to  be  the  principal  service  of  the  Com- 
mission.^^ 

Many  of  the  services  rendered  by  the  Sani- 
tary Commission  were  similar  to  those  fur- 
nished by  the  Red  Cross  of  a  later  day.  Army 
camps  and  hospitals  were  inspected.  Medical 
care  and  supplies  were  furnished  for  the  sick 
and  wounded,  whether  on  the  battlefield  or  in 
hospitals.  Portable  field  hospitals  and  hospital 
ships  were  equipped  and  put  into  operation. 
Medical  monographs  were  prepared  by  special- 
ists and  distributed  to  the  doctors  working  in 
the  field.  A  registration  bureau  was  operated 
in  which  were  kept  the  names  of  all  soldiers  in 
the  hospitals  and  information  concerning  them ; 
and  a  pension  bureau  and  claim  agency  was 
conducted  to  aid  soldiers  and  their  families  in 


14  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

adjusting  claims  against  the  government. 
Forty  soldiers'  homes  were  established  through- 
out the  States;  and  convalescent  camps  were 
furnished  for  those  recovering  from  wounds  or 
sickness.  Feeding  stations  were  located  along 
the  routes  of  the  heaviest  military  traffic  to 
supply  the  wants  of  traveling  soldiers;  and  at 
military  centers  were  to  be  found  homes  for  the 
convenience  of  mothers,  wives,  and  others  who 
might  visit  their  kin.^- 

In  nearly  every  locality  there  was  a  Ladies 
Soldiers'  Aid  Society,  which  met  to  sew  and  knit 
for  the  soldiers,  and  by  the  aid  of  seven  thou- 
sand of  these  societies  about  twenty  million  dol- 
lars in  supplies  and  cash  were  collected  and  sent 
to  the  Sanitary  Commission  for  distribution 
among  the  fighting  men.  Even  the  origin  of  the 
Eed  Cross  Christmas  seals  may  be  traced  back 
to  the  stamps  sold  at  the  great  fairs  conducted 
to  raise  funds  for  the  Sanitary  Commission.-^ 

A  comparison  of  the  measures  adopted  at 
Geneva  in  1863  with  those  used  by  the  United 
States  Sanitary  Commission  shows  that  there 
was  no  substantial  difference  in  the  objects  to 
be  accomplished.  ''At  Geneva  much  was  said 
about  succor  of  the  wounded  and  nothing  about 
the  general  health  and  comfort  of  the  troops. 
At  Washington  the  succor  of  the  wounded,  al- 
though not  specially  referred  to,  was  covered 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  15 

by  the  plirase  *  preserving  and  restoring  the 
health  and  comfort  of  the  forces.'  At  Geneva 
it  was  proposed  that  all  those  connected  with 
the  medical  services  wear  distinguishing  marks 
or  badges.  At  Washington  there  was  no  such 
proposal  at  the  outset,  but  before  the  war  was 
ended  the  helpers  of  the  sick  and  wounded  at 
the  front  and  in  the  hospitals  were  wearing 
disting-uishing  marks."  The  Greek  cross,  the 
Maltese  cross,  the  shamrock,  the  star,  the 
square,  the  triangle,  the  heart,  and  the  circle 
were  used  as  emblems.  In  fact  the  Auxiliary 
Eelief  Corps  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  was 
the  first  to  make  practical  use  of  the  Red  Cross 
emblem  as  adopted  at  Geneva.  It  was  in  the 
spring  of  1864  that  members  of  this  group  wore 
the  red  cross  for  the  first  time  in  history  with 
troops  in  campaigns.  "The  delegates  at 
Geneva  asked  that  the  nations  confer  upon  the 
army  sanitary  sei^ices  and  their  helpers  the 
privilege  of  neutrality.  This  was  asking  for 
what  both  belligerents  in  the'  Civil  War  in 
America  had  more  than  a  year  before  the  meet- 
ing at  Geneva  already  conceded  as  respected 
medical  ofiScers  and  other  non-combatants 
taken  prisoners."-^ 

The  experiences  of  the  United  States  Sani- 
tary Commission  proved  to  be  of  great  value  to 
the  delegates  assembled  at  the  Geneva  Conven- 


16  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

tion.  Speaking  of  the  Convention,  Mr.  Bowles 
of  tile  Sanitary  Commission  says:  "I  was  able 
to  prove  that  this  same  'mythical'  institution  — 
the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  —  had 
long  since  met  with  and  overcome  the  difficulties 
which  some  delegates  were  now  predicting  and 
recoiling  before;  had  long  since  solved,  and 
practically,  too,  the  very  problems  which  they 
were  now  delving  over.  .  .  .  To  many  of 
them,  earnest  men  seeking  for  light,  with  their 
whole  hearts  in  the  interest  of  a  long  suffering 
humanity,  it  was  like  the  sight  of  the  promised 
land.  They  had  been  working  in  the  dark,  and 
this  was  the  opening  of  a  window,  letting  in  a 
flood  of  light  and  putting  an  end  to  all  darkness 
and  doubt."  Indeed,  "the  proof  seems  to  be 
positive  that  the  accomplishments  before  1864 
of  this  American  organization  manned  by  vol- 
unteers and  financed  by  the  charitable  public, 
had  been  so  notable  and  extensive  that  as  a 
precedent  it  had  a  certain  influence,  and  prob- 
ably a  very  potent  one,  in  determining  the  ac- 
tion of  the  Congress  at  Geneva  in  1864.  "^^ 

To  Henri  Dunant  belongs  the  credit  and 
honor  of  having  proposed  and  brought  about 
the  Geneva  conferences  of  1863  and  1864  which 
resulted  in  the  foiTnation  of  the  International 
Red  Cross  Society;  and  he  is  justly  considered 
the  founder  of  the  Eed  Cross.     Behind  him, 


ORIGIN  OP  THE  RED  CROSS  17 

however,  were  the  influences  of  earlier  work. 
Speaking  in  London  in  1872,  Dunant  stated  that 
the  inspiration  for  his  own  undertakings  came 
from  the  work  of  Florence  Nightingale  in  the 
Crimea.  Moreover,  in  looking  for  support  for 
his  ideas  when  first  proposed  Dunant  turned  to 
the  Knights  of  the  Order  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem, which  had  long  been  engaged  in  similar 
humanitarian  pursuits.  Nor  should  the  influ- 
ence of  the  United  States  Sanitary  Commission 
on  the  successful  outcome  of  the  Geneva  Con- 
vention be  overlooked:  lacking  the  ''evidence 
submitted  at  Geneva  by  the  delegates  from  the 
United  States,  respecting  the  success  attained 
by  the  Sanitary  Commission  on  a  colossal  scale, 
and  the  adjustment  of  its  operation  to  the  ex- 
igencies of  war,  it  is  probable  the  Geneva  Con- 
gress of  1864  would  have  been  a  failure. "-° 


VOL.  I — 3 


II 

Formation"  of  the  Ameeican  Red  Cross 

The  first  real  test  of  the  International  Red 
Cross  Society  came  during  the  Franco-Prussian 
War,  although  some  work  had  been  done  previ- 
ously in  the  war  between  Prussia  and  Austria. 
During  the  Franco-Prussian  War  the  "red 
cross  gained  for  itself  a  significance  possessed 
by  no  other  emblem.  To  all,  friend  and  foe 
alike,  it  indicated  the  power  which  saves." 

Clara  Barton,  who  had  been  very  active  in 
relief  work  in  the  Civil  War,  assisted  in  relief 
activities  during  the  Franco-Prussian  War; 
and  it  was  while  engaged  in  this  service  that 
she  set  herself  the  task  of  securing  the  ratifica- 
tion by  her  own  government  of  the  Geneva 
Treaty.  Regarding  this  she  says:  ''As  I  jour- 
neyed on  and  saw  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross 
societies  in  the  field,  accomplishing  in  four 
months  under  their  systematic  organization 
what  we  failed  to  accomplish  in  four  years  with- 
out it  —  no  mistakes,  no  needless  suffering,  no 
starving,  no  lack  of  care,  no  waste,  no  confu- 
sion, but  order,  plenty,  cleanliness  and  comfort 
wherever   that   little    flag   made    its    way  —  a 

18 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  19 

whole  continent  marshaled  under  the  banner  of 
the  Red  Cross  —  as  I  saw  all  this,  and  joined 
and  worked  in  it,  you  will  not  wonder  that  I  said 
to  myself  *if  I  live  to  return  to  my  country  I 
will  try  to  make  my  people  understand  the  Red 
Cross  and  that  treaty.'  "-^ 

EARLY  ATTEMPTS  TO  RATIFY  THE  TREATY  IN 
THE  UNITED  STATES 

Although  the  Geneva  Treaty  was  formally 
presented  to  the  United  States  for  ratification 
in  1864  by  the  American  minister  to  Switzer- 
land who  had  been  present  at  the  Geneva  Con- 
vention, the  government  did  not  sign  it.     In 
1868  Henry  W.  Bellows,  formerly  President  of 
the   United   States    Sanitary   Commission,   at- 
tended an  international  Red  Cross  convention 
at  Paris  and  was  appointed  by  the  convention 
to  represent  the  Red  Cross  in  this   country. 
During  the  same  year  he  succeeded  in  forming 
the   American   Association   for   the   Relief   of 
Misery  on  Battlefields,  which  aimed  to  "secure 
the  adhesion  of  the  United  States  to  the  Geneva 
Treaty,  and  to  become  the  national  society  in 
the  United  States".    The  treaty  was  once  more 
formally  presented  to  the  proper  governmental 
authorities,  and  once  more  it  failed  to  be  rati- 
fied.   All  attempts  to  arouse  the  interest  of  the 
government  and  of  the  people  failed. 


20  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

The  American  Association  for  the  Relief  of 
Misery  on  Battlefields  marks  the  first  Red 
Cross  society  in  the  United  States,  but  unable 
to  secure  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  under 
which  it  would  have  had  to  work  in  case  of  war, 
it  went  out  of  existence  in  1871.  During  its  life- 
time the  organization  received  and  forwarded 
considerable  aid  for  the  sufferers  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War.^^ 

MISS  BARTON 'S  LABORS  FOR  THE  RED  CROSS 

In  1869  when  Miss  Barton  was  in  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  she  was  visited  by  the  President 
and  members  of  the  International  Committee 
for  the  Relief  ot  the  Wounded  in  War,  who 
called  to  find  out  why  the  United  States  had 
failed  to  sign  the  Geneva  Treaty.  They  could 
not  understand  America's  position:  they  had 
expected  the  United  States,  with  its  sanitary 
record,  to  be  the  first  to  accept  the  treaty.  The 
fact  that  Miss  Barton  had  never  before  heard 
of  the  Red  Cross  shows  that  it  must  have  been 
but  little  before  the  American  public.  Miss 
Barton  at  once  began  a  study  of  the  Red  Cross 
organization;  and  sometime  later,  while  actu- 
ally working  under  the  Red  Cross  flag,  she  de- 
cided to  devote  her  efforts,  so  far  as  possible, 
in  the  direction  of  influencing  her  own  country 
to  join  the  signers  of  the  Geneva  Treaty.-^ 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  21 

Clara  Barton  had  gone  to  Europe  in  1869  to 
recover  from  a  physical  breakdown  due  to  her 
labors  in  the  Civil  War.  After  partly  regain- 
ing her  strength  she  entered  into  the  relief  work 
of  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  only  to  again  fail 
in  health  when  her  work  was  completed.  It 
Avas  not  until  1873  that  she  was  able  to  return 
to  the  United  States,  and  then  it  was  several 
years  before  she  could  do  more  than  lay  plans 
for  future  action.  Her  first  step  was  taken  in 
1877  when  she  visited  Washington  and  present- 
ed President  Hayes  with  a  letter  from  the 
President  of  the  International  Committee  of 
Geneva  asking  once  more  that  the  United  States 
accept  the  articles  of  the  convention.  The  letter 
was  referred  to  the  Secretary  of  State  and  by 
him  to  his  assistant  secretary,  by  whom  it  was 
shelved. 

But  Miss  Barton  continued  her  campaign.  A 
committee  of  four,  including  Miss  Barton,  was 
organized  to  further  her  plans.  It  was  called 
the  ''i^merican  National  Committee,  or  Society 
of  the  Red  Cross  for  the  Relief  of  Suffering  by 
war,  pestilence,  famine,  fire,  flood  and  other 
calamities,  so  great  as  to  be  regarded  as  na- 
tional in  extent. ' '  A  small  pamphlet  was  issued 
explaining  its  objects.  The  committee  devoted 
itself  to  disseminating  knowledge  concerning 
the  Red  Cross  and  in  creating  sentiment  favor- 


22  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

able  to  the  adoption  of  the  Geneva  Treaty. 
"Writing  in  1881  Miss  Barton  says:  '^I  will  not 
yield  the  pact  of  the  treaty ;  for  patriotism,  for 
national  honor,  I  will  stand  by  that  at  all  costs. 
My  first  and  greatest  endeavor  has  been  to  wipe 
from  the  scroll  of  my  country's  fame  the  stain 
of  imputed  lack  of  common  humanity;  to  take 
her  out  of  the  roll  of  barbarians.  In  1869  there 
were  twenty-two  nations  in  the  compact.  There 
are  now  thirty.  ...  If  the  United  States 
of  America  is  diligent  and  fortunate,  she  may 
perhaps  come  to  stand  number  thirty-two  in 
the  roll  of  civilization  and  humanity !  At  pres- 
ent she  stands  among  the  barbarians  and 
heathen.  "30 

RATIFICATION  OP  THE  GENEVA  TREATY 

It  was  not  until  President  Garfield  assumed 
office  that  another  attempt  was  made  to  secure 
ratification  of  the  Geneva  Treaty  by  the  United 
States.  President  Garfield  had  served  in  the 
Civil  War  and  had  seen  Miss  Barton  engaged 
in  relief  operations  at  that  time.  Her  request 
that  the  treaty  be  agreed  to  was  cordially  re- 
ceived by  the  President,  and  he  promised  to  rec- 
ommend such  action  in  his  first  annual  message. 
With  this  assurance  of  success  the  committee 
which  had  been  organized  in  1877  was  reorgan- 
ized and  incorporated  as  the  American  Associ- 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  23 

ation  of  the  Eed  Cross,  with  Miss  Barton  at  its 
head.^^ 

Before  he  could  carry  out  his  promise  Presi- 
dent Garfield  was  assassinated;  but  it  appears 
that  President  Arthur  was  no  less  friendly  to 
the  Red  Cross  movement.  After  proper  consid- 
eration of  the  proposal  the  treaty  was  signed 
by  President  Arthur  on  March  1,  1882,  and  a 
few  days  later  was  ratified  by  the  Senate. 
While  this  event  was  enthusiastically  received 
in  other  countries,  it  seemed  of  little  impor- 
tance to  those  at  home.  Concerning  it,  Miss 
Barton  wrote :  ''While  the  news  of  the  accession 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  to  the 
treaty  of  Geneva,  lit  bonfires  that  night  .... 
in  the  streets  of  Switzerland,  France,  Germany, 
and  Spain,  a  little  four-line  paragraph  in  the 
congressional  doings  of  the  day  in  the  Evening 
Star,  of  Washington,  alone  announced  to  the 
people  of  America  that  an  international  treaty 
had  been  added  to  their  rolls."  The  President 
of  the  International  Red  Cross  Society  gave  to 
Miss  Barton  the  credit  for  securing  the  adoption 
of  the  treaty  when  at  an  international  conven- 
tion in  1882  he  said  of  her:  ''without  the  energy 
and  perseverance  of  this  remarkable  woman,  we 
should  not  for  a  long  time  have  had  the  pleasure 
of  seeing  the  Red  Cross  received  into  the 
United  States. "^2 


24  KED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

BEGINNINGS   OF   DISASTER   RELIEF 

One  objection  encountered  by  those  working 
for  the  ratification  of  the  Red  Cross  Treaty  by 
the  United  States  was  "that  we  then  had  no 
wars  and  were  not  likely  to  have  any."  Miss 
Barton  proposed  that  the  Red  Cross  undertake 
relief  work  in  national  disasters,  such  as 
plagues,  cholera,  fires,  floods,  and  famine.  The 
first  national  calamity  in  which  this  idea  was 
applied  was  the  forest  fire  in  Michigan  in  1881 
—  almost  a  year  before  the  Treaty  of  Geneva 
was  ratified  by  the  United  States.  A  second 
test  came  in  the  spring  of  1882  with  the  Missis- 
sippi River  floods.  The  work  done  by  the  Red 
Cross  in  these  two  disasters  gave  publicity  to 
the  cause  and  did  much  to  influence  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  Geneva  Treaty  in  1882.  To  assist 
in  these  disasters  local  Red  Cross  organizations 
were  formed  at  Dansville,  Rochester,  and  Syra- 
cuse in  New  York,  at  New  Orleans,  Louisiana, 
at  Vicksburg,  Mississippi,  and  at  Memphis, 
Tennessee.  A  great  deal  of  help  was  given  by 
these  local  units,  and  it  is  here  that  one  finds 
the  beginnings  of  the  plan  that  has  been  con- 
tinued by  the  American  Red  Cross  to  the  pres- 
ent day,  that  is,  the  plan  of  working  through 
local  Red  Cross  branches.^^ 

The  Red  Cross  was  again  called  upon  to  aid 
in  relieving  the  distress  due  to  the  overflow  of 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  25 

the  Mississippi  in  1883  and  1884;  and  in  1883 
the  organization  ministered  to  the  sufferers  of 
a  cyclone  in  Louisiana  and  Alabama.  An  inter- 
national convention  of  the  Red  Cross  was  held 
in  Geneva  in  September,  1884,  and  Miss  Barton 
was  sent  by  the  government  to  represent  the 
United  States.  Her  record  for  efficient  relief 
preceded  her  and  she  was  warmly  welcomed. 
As  a  result  of  her  efforts  a  new  provision, 
sometimes  called  the  American  Amendment, 
was  added  to  the  Geneva  Treaty.  It  provided 
''that  the  Red  Cross  societies  engage  in  time  of 
peace  in  humanitarian  work  analogous  to  the 
duties  devolving  upon  them  in  periods  of  war, 
such  as  taking  care  of  the  sick  and  rendering 
relief  in  extraordinary  calamities,  where,  as  in 
war,  prompt  and  organized  relief  is  demanded. ' ' 
The  United  States  was  the  first  of  the  great 
powers  to  extend  the  functions  of  the  Red 
Cross  to  cover  more  than  the  field  of  w^ar.^'* 

From  1881  to  1904  the  Red  Cross  organiza- 
tion was  called  upon  to  render  aid  in  disasters 
of  all  kinds  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Al- 
though in  some  instances  the  relief  was  upon  a 
large  scale  and  demanded  a  considerable  ex- 
penditure of  money,  financial  support  was 
easily  obtained.  Relief  was  also  furnished 
during  the  Balkan  War  in  1883,  the  Russian 
famine   of  1892,   the  Armenian  massacres   in 


26  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

1896,  and  the  Spanish- American  War  in  1898. 
In  ahnost  every  case  Miss  Barton  entered  the* 
field  and  took  active  charge  of  relief  operations. 
Great  good  having  been  accomplished  in  these 
disasters,  the  Eed  Cross  Society  won  for  itself 
a  firm  place  in  the  hearts  of  the  American 
pnblic.^^ 

REINCORPORATION  OF  THE  RED  CROSS  IN    1900 

In  connection  with  the  criticism  of  the  Ked 
Cross  Society  that  followed  the  inadequate  re- 
porting of  and  accounting  for  the  funds  con- 
tributed for  disaster  relief,  a  change  in  the  Bed 
Cross  organization  was  demanded  —  a  change 
that  would  result  in  a  more  stable  and  a  more 
business-like  management.  Such  action  was 
advised  not  only  by  outsiders  but  likewise  by 
certain  persons  who  had  been  associated  with 
Miss  Barton  in  her  work.  Thus,  on  June  6, 
1900,  the  American  National  Red  Cross  was  re- 
incorporated by  an  act  of  Congress  in  an  effort 
to  silence  these  complaints. 

The  new  charter  required  an  annual  financial 
statement;  and  whereas  previous  to  this  time 
Miss  Barton,  as  President,  had  been  in  almost 
absolute  control,  the  reorganization  resulted  in 
placing  more  power  in  the  hands  of  the  board 
of  control  and  executive  committee.^*' 

But  serious  differences  soon  arose  between 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  27 

Miss  Barton  and  members  of  the  executive 
committee  since  she  found  it  difficult  to  adjust 
herself  to  the  new  system.  It  was  largely  a 
question  of  whether  or  not  Miss  Barton  was  to 
continue  in  supreme  control  and  retain  her 
former  methods.  In  the  w^ords  of  Miss  Bar- 
ton's biographer  *'it  was  a  contest  between  two 
systems,  the  one  that  had  fitted  the  creative 
twenty-two  years  when  the  Eed  Cross  centered 
about  Clara  Barton,  to  whom  it  owed  its  life  — 
the  other  the  system  of  the  future,  struggling 
to  fit  itself  to  the  time  when  the  founder  should 
be  no  more,  and  when  therefore,  a  different 
system  would  be  necessary, —  a  system  center- 
ing around  not  a  single  person  who  could  never 
be  reproduced  —  but  about  a  board  of  control 
and  executive  committee." 

One  reason  for  Miss  Barton's  inability  to 
adapt  herself  to  the  new  system  was  her  pro- 
nounced individualism.  "She  had  always,  ex- 
cept in  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  worked  as  an 
individualist,  on  her  own  initiative,  her  only 
referendum  being  the  people  of  the  country  or 
the  world.  Temperamentally  impossible  to  her 
was  the  new  system  demanding  that  she  work 
under  the  direction  of  a  Board  of  Control.  To 
one  trained  for  thirty-three  years  to  proceed 
on  her  own  initiative  on  the  occasion  of  disaster 
—  it  was  beyond  possibility  to  accept  the  new 


28  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

plan.  "^"^  The  situation  went  from  bad  to  worse, 
until  on  June  16,  1904,  Miss  Barton  tendered 
her  resignation. 

PRESENT  SOCIETY  INCORPORATED  IN   1905 

On  January  5,  1905,  President  Roosevelt 
signed  the  bill  creating  a  new  corporation  and 
providing  for  a  reorganization  of  the  Red 
Cross.  With  this  reorganization  Wm.  H.  Taft, 
then  Secretary  of  War,  and  Mabel  T.  Board- 
man  '^  became  respectively  chief  official  sponsor 
and  animating  spirit.  "^^ 

The  charter  adopted  at  this  time  provided 
that  all  the  accounts  of  the  Red  Cross  should  be 
audited  by  the  War  Department  and  that  an 
annual  financial  report  should  be  made  to  Con- 
gress by  the  Secretary  of  War.  Realizing  that 
great  advantage  to  the  Red  Cross  could  be 
gained  by  having  the  President  of  the  United 
States  serve  as  President  of  the  American  Red 
Cross,  Mr.  Taft  resigned  as  President  of  the 
American  Red  Cross  when  his  term  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  expired,  and  recom- 
mended that  President  Wilson  be  elected  as  his 
successor.  Mr.  Taft's  suggestion  was  followed 
and  President  Wilson  was  chosen  President  of 
the  American  Red  Cross  in  1913.  Although  not 
required  by  the  constitution  or  by-laws,  there 
is  now  a  general  understanding  that  the  Presi- 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  29 

dent  of  the  United  States  shall  be  elected  to  the 
presidency  of  the  American  Red  Cross.^^ 

President  Taft's  service  to  the  Red  Cross  is 
fittingly  acknowledged  in  the  following  extract 
from  the  Red  Cross  Magazine: 

Only  those  who  endured  the  strain  of  the  early  days 
of  reorganization,  who  bore  the  burden  of  the  many 
complex  problems  of  development,  who  battled  against 
discouragement  and  disappointments,  can  comprehend 
what  the  constant  interest,  the  helpful,  tireless  counsel 
and  sympathetic  inspiration  of  Mr.  Taft's  eight  years' 
presidency  meant  to  the  Red  Cross.  He  built  founda- 
tions that  were  true  and  strong  like  the  man  himself, 
not  counting  the  structure  raised  upon  them  for  the 
credit  of  the  man  but  for  the  service  of  his  fellow-man. 

Our  people  and  those  in  foreign  lands  who  have 
benefited  because  of  the  American  Red  Cross  owe  to 
Mr.  Taft  a  debt  of  gratitude  for  all  that  he  so  quietly, 
so  modestly  did  to  build  up  its  present  state  of  effi- 
ciency and  to  obtain  its  position  in  public  eonfi- 
dence.4<^ 

ORGANIZATION  OP  THE  RED   CROSS  BEFORE   1917 

The  General  Board.— The  charter  and  by- 
laws of  the  American  National  Red  Cross  pro- 
vided that  the  government,  direction,  and 
management  of  the  society  should  be  lodged  in 
the  American  Red  Cross  General  Board.  This 
board  was  composed  of  the  incorporators  or 


30  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

their  successors,  five  associates  named  by  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  delegates  of 
State  and  local  organizations,  representatives 
of  the  ' '  collective  members ' ',  and  the  members 
of  the  several  Eed  Cross  boards  and  commit- 
tees. The  officers  of  the  society  were  a  presi- 
dent, a  vice  president,  a  counsellor,  a  treasurer, 
and  a  secretary,  all  of  whom  were  elected  by 
the  General  Board  at  its  annual  meetings."*^ 

The  Central  Committee. —  It  was  upon  the 
Central  Committee,  however,  that  the  real  man- 
agement and  administration  of  the  American 
Red  Cross  fell.  This  committee  was  made  up 
of  eighteen  members,  six  of  whom  were  elected 
by  the  incorporators,  six  chosen  by  the  General 
Board,  and  six  named  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  President  also  designated 
the  chairman  of  the  Central  Committee;  while 
a  vice  chairman  was  elected  by  the  Committee 
itself.  Wm.  H.  Taft,  elected  chairman  of  the 
Central  Committee  in  November,  1915,  served 
in  that  capacity  until  March  1,  1919.  Much  of 
the  active  executive  management,  however,  fell 
upon  the  vice  chairman,  which  position  was 
filled  by  Eliot  Wadsworth  from  September, 
1916,  to  March  1,  1919.^- 

The  Executive  Committee. —  Under  the  Cen- 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  31 

tral  Committee  was  the  Executive  Committee 
consisting  of  seven  members  chosen  by  the 
Central  Committee  from  its  own  numbers. 
This  committee,  when  the  Central  Committee 
was  not  in  session,  exercised  full  control.  The 
chairman  of  the  Central  Committee  was  also 
chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee.  He 
called  all  meetings  of  both  groups  and  was  an 
ex  officio  member  of  all  committees  appointed 
by  them.  Subject  to  direction  hj  the  central 
and  executive  committees,  he  was  the  executive 
head  of  the  corporation."*^ 

Such  was  the  general  outline  of  the  Red 
Cross  machinery.  But  from  1905,  w^hen  the 
society  was  incorporated,  there  were  almost 
annual  changes,  especially  in  the  various  boards 
and  bureaus  charged  with  administering  par- 
ticular branches  of  the  work.  None  of  the 
changes,  however,  w^ere  revolutionary  in  char- 
acter. They  were  not  due  to  external  pressure, 
but  all  were  made  by  the  Red  Cross  itself  as  a 
result  of  experience  and  a  determination  to 
make  the  organization  serve  its  purposes  in 
peace  or  war."*"* 

The  new  Red  Cross  building  at  Washington, 
in  which  the  national  organization  has  its  head- 
quarters, was  constructed  as  a  memorial  in 
honor  of  the  loyal  w^omen  of  the  Civil  War. 
This  building  was  made  possible  by  an  appro- 


32  RED  CKOSS  IN  IOWA 

priation  of  $400,000  by  Congress  and  gifts  of 
$300,000  by  individuals.  On  February  3,  1917, 
the  Red  Cross  moved  into  its  new  home.  Hence 
it  was  amidst  great  confusion  that  the  society 
began  to  mobilize  for  the  difficult  task  confront- 
ing it.  The  new  home  was  dedicated  on  May  12, 
1917.  Speaking  on  that  occasion  President 
Wilson  praised  the  women  of  the  Civil  War, 
saying : ' '  It  is  significant  that  it  should  be  dedi- 
cated to  the  women  who  served  to  alleviate 
suffering  and  comfort  those  who  were  in  need 
during  our  Civil  War,  because  their  thoughtful, 
disinterested,  self-sacrificing  devotion  is  the 
spirit  which  should  always  illustrate  the  ser- 
vices of  the  Red  Cross.  "^^ 

Departments  at  Washington. —  At  the  time 
the  United  States  entered  the  World  War  the 
work  of  the  American  Red  Cross  was  divided 
among  five  departments  working  under  the 
Central  Committee.  Two  of  the  departments 
had  to  do  with  the  relief  work  of  the  Red  Cross. 
One  of  these,  the  Department  of  Military  Re- 
lief, had  under  its  supervision  the  bureau  of 
nursing  service,  the  bureau  of  medical  service, 
and  the  bureau  of  supplies.  The  other,  that  of 
Civilian  Relief,  had  charge  of  the  bureau  of 
town  and  country  nursing  service,  the  Red 
Cross    relief    reserve,    Red    Cross    Christmas 


THE  AMERICAN  EED  CROSS  33 

seals,  and  institutional  members.  A  Depart- 
ment of  Chapters  was  responsible  for  the  State 
boards,  local  chapters,  and  membership.  The 
Administrative  Department  supervised  all  ac- 
counts, files,  and  records,  grounds  and  build- 
ings, and  purchases.  The  local  committee  on 
nursing,  the  State  committee  on  nursing  ser- 
vice, the  committee  on  town  and  country  nurs- 
ing service,  and  a  committee  on  dietitians  were 
subordinate  to  the  National  Committee  on  Red 
Cross  Nursing  Service.^^ 

State  Boards  and  Chapters. —  One  of  the  ob- 
jects of  the  Department  of  Chapters  was  the 
organization  of  State  boards  and  chapters. 
Each  State  board  was  composed  of  the  Gov- 
ernor of  each  State,  who  served  as  ex  officio 
chairman,  and  from  three  to  ten  citizens  of  the 
State  "selected  for  known  probity  and  public 
spirit."  Members  of  the  State  boards  were 
appointed  by  the  Central  Committee.  The 
duties  of  these  boards  were:  (1)  ''to  receive 
contributions  intended  for  Red  Cross  relief 
work  and  forward  them  to  the  Treasurer  in 
Washington",  and  (2)  "to  supervise  relief 
operations  within  their  respective  States  and  to 
disburse  funds  contributed  for  the  support  of 
such  relief  operations,  which  are  in  charge  of 
the  Department  of  Civilian  Relief."    In  May, 

VOL.  I — 4 


34  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

1917,  such  boards  were  found  in  all  but  two 
States  of  the  Union;  but  usually  these  State 
boards  were  inactive. ^"^ 

The  chapters  were  permanent  local  organ- 
izations in  charge  of  all  local  activities  and 
agencies  of  the  Eed  Cross  within  their  partic- 
ular districts.  All  Red  Cross  members  in  the 
territory  of  a  chapter  automatically  became 
members  of  that  chapter,  and  a  part  of  the 
membership  dues  were  allowed  for  the  use  of 
the  chapter.  Before  America's  entrance  into 
the  World  War,  chapters  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  were  not  numerous,  although  the  number 
had  increased  materially  after  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  in  1914.  In  March,  1916,  there  were  one 
hundred  and  ten  chapters,  but  during  the  next 
six  months  the  number  almost  doubled.-*^  On 
December  1,  1916,  there  were  two  hundred  and 
fifty  chapters,-'^  and  at  the  time  the  United 
States  severed  diplomatic  relations  with  Ger- 
many on  February  3,  1917,  two  hundred  and 
seventy-two  chapters  were  in  operation.^^^ 

The  branches  were  subordinate  to  the  chap- 
ters, but  had  their  own  officers.  They  carried 
on  practically  all  the  activities  of  a  chapter  and 
they  were  very  similar  to  the  chapters  them- 
selves, except  that  they  were  organized  on  a 
smaller  scale.  Any  chapter  having  jurisdiction 
over   a   county   or   large   city   could   organize 


THE  AMERICAN  RED  CROSS  35 

brandies  in  the  different  localities  to  conduct 
the  work.  Auxiliaries  were  temporary  local 
organizations  formed  for  the  purpose  of  doing 
some  specific  kinds  of  work.  Auxiliaries  could 
be  formed  among  the  members  of  a  church  or 
Sunday  school,  in  a  high  school,  college,  or 
women's  club.  Any  chapter  could  authorize 
auxiliaries  in  its  territory,  and  the  Central 
Committee  could  establish  auxiliaries  in  any 
place  not  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a  chapter.^^ 

Relief  Operations. —  From  its  reorganization 
in  1905  to  1916  the  American  National  Red 
Cross  carried  out  eighty  relief  operations  fol- 
lowing earthquakes,  volcanic  eruptions,  fires, 
floods,  famines,  mine  explosions,  and  wars  in 
this  and  foreign  countries.  Over  $10,000,000  in 
cash  was  received  and  expended  in  these  oper- 
ations, and  supplies  valued  at  not  less  than 
$5,000,000  were  distributed.  In  many  cases  not 
only  were  the  immediate  needs  satisfied,  but 
months  were  devoted  to  cooperation  in  pro- 
grams of  reconstruction.  During  this  work  a 
definite  method  and  technique  for  handling  dis- 
aster relief  gradually  developed,  and  the 
opinion  was  fast  gaining  ground  that  such  ser- 
vice would  make  up  the  future  field  of  Red 
Cross  endeavor.  In  1911  The  Survey  remarked 
that  the  "Red  Cross  will  decreasingly  be  called 


36  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

upon  to  nurse  the  wounded  on  the  battlefield, 
while  its  highly  organized  activities  for  the  re- 
lief of  sufferers  from  disasters  in  time  of  peace 
become  more  important  with  each  great  catas- 
trophe."^^ 


Ill 

The  War  Organization^ 

In  1914  when  the  World  War  began,  the  Amer- 
ican Ked  Cross  was  well  prepared  to  meet  any 
kind  of  emergency  that  had  occurred  during  the 
nine  years  of  its  existence  —  such  as  earth- 
quake or  fire,  shipwreck  or  mine  .explosion, 
flood  or  famine.  It  w-as  not  ready,  however,  for 
any  such  disaster  as  the  World  War.  And  so 
when  the  United  States  was  drawn  into  this  war 
it  was  evident  at  the  start  that  the  American 
Red  Cross,  if  it  was  to  carry  the  additional  load  • 
thrust  upon  it,  would  have  to  create  a  more  • 
efficient  working  organization.^^    , 

THE  WAR  COUNCIL 

As  a  result  of  the^  new  situation  President 
Wilson,  on  May  10,  1917,  established  the  Red 
Cross  War  Council.  In  a  letter  to  a  member  of 
the  Central  Committee,  announting  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  Council,  President  Wilson  wrote  as 
follows : 

The  American  National  Red  Cross  must  noW  carry 
out  the  purposes  of  its  organization  under  the  stress 
of  the  great  war  in  which  our  Nation  is  now  involved, 

37 


38  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

with  the  fullest  recognition  of  its  obligations  under 
its  Federal  charter  and  the  treaty  of  Geneva.  To  do 
this  it  is  necessary  that  an  immediate  development 
and  reinforcement  of  Red  Cross  organization  should 
be  effected  in  order  to  enable  it  to  respond  adequately 
to  the  great  needs  which  will  arise  in  our  own  country 
and  those  which  already  exist  abroad. 

After  consideration  of  the  situation  with  the  active 
officers  of  the  American  Red  Cross  and  with  the  mem- 
bers of  its  executive  committee,  I  therefore  hereby 
create  a  Red  Cross  War  Council  of  seven  members, 
two  of  whom  shall  be  the  chairman  and  vice  chairman 
of  the  executive  committee,  to  serve  for  the  period  of 
the  war.  The  War  Council  thus  created  is  to  deal 
with  especial  emergencies  arising  from  the  present 
war  crisis  in  this  country  and  abroad."^ 

In  announcing  the  appointment  of  the  War 
Council  to  the  public  President  Wilson  said : 

I  have  today  created  within  the  Red  Cross  a  War 
Council  to  which  will  be  entrusted  the  duty  of  re- 
sponding to  the  extraordinary  demands  which  the 
present  war  will  make  upon  the  services  of  the  Red 
Cross,  both  in  the  field  and  in  civilian  relief. 

The  best  way  in  which  to  impart  the  greatest  effi- 
ciency and  energy  to  the  relief  work  which  this  war 
will  entail  will  be  to  concentrate  it  in  the  hands  of  a 
single  experienced  organization  which  has  been  recog- 
nized by  law  and  by  international  convention  as  the 
public  instrumentality  for  such  purposes.  Indeed, 
such  a  concentration  of  administrative  action  in  this 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       39 

matter  seems  to  be  absolutely  necessary,  and  I  hereby 
earnestly  call  upon  those  who  can  contribute  either 
great  sums  or  small  to  the  alleviation  of  the  suffering 
and  distress  which  must  inevitably  arise  out  of  this 
fight  for  humanity  and  democracy,  to  contribute  to 
the  Red  Cross/^^ 

Henry  P.  Davison  of  New  York,  a  member  of 
J.  P.  Morgan  &  Company,  was  named  chair- 
man of  the  War  Council.  The  other  members 
appointed  by  President  Wilson  were  Charles  D. 
Norton,  vice  president  of  the  First  National 
Bank  of  New  York;  Major  Grayson  M.  P. 
Murphy,  vice  president  of  the  Guaranty  Trust 
Company  of  New  York;  Edward  N.  Hurley  of 
Chicago,  formerly  chairman  of  the  Federal 
Trade  Commission,  and  Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  Jr., 
of  Bliss,  Fabyan  and  Company,  New  York. 
Wm.  H.  Taft  and  Eliot  Wadsworth,  chairman 
and  vice  chairman  of  the  Central  Committee, 
became  ex  officio  members.  Through  the  latter 
two  members  the  central  and  executive  com- 
mittees were  definitely  linked  up  with  the  War 
Council. 

The  personnel  of  the  War  Council  underwent 
several  changes,  but  Mr.  Davison  continued 
throughout  as  its  chairman.  Of  the  original 
members  President  Wilson  drafted  Mr.  Hurley 
to  head  the  Shipping  Board,  Major  Murphy  re- 
signed to  enter  active  military  service,  and  Mr. 


40  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Norton  withdrew  because  of  personal  affairs. 
John  D.  Ryan,  president  of  the  Anaconda  Cop- 
per Company,  Butte,  Montana,  Harvey  D.  Gib- 
son, president  of  the  Liberty  National  Bank, 
New  York,  and  George  B.  Case  of  the  law  firm 
of  White  and  Case,  New  York,  were  appointed 
to  fill  these  vacancies.  Subsequently  Mr.  Ryan 
and  Mr.  Gibson  resigned  and  their  places  were 
taken  by  Jesse  H.  Jones,  business  man  and 
banker  of  Houston,  Texas,  and  George  E.  Scott, 
vice  president  of  the  American  Steel  Foundries, 
Chicago.^  "^ 

The  War  Council  working  with  the  executive 
and  central  committees,  administered  the  gen- 
eral work  of  the  Red  Cross.  It  controlled  the 
Red  Cross  funds,  made  all  appropriations,  and 
determined  the  policies  and  activities  of  the 
organization." 

The  plans  and  policies  adopted  by  the  War 
Council  and  Executive  Committee  were  en- 
trusted for  execution  to  a  general  manager. 
This  position  was  held  by  Harvey  D.  Gibson, 
president  of  the  Liberty  National  Bank  of  New 
York,  until  July,  1918,  when  he  became  Red 
Cross  Commissioner  to  France.  Following 
Mr.  Gibson's  resignation  George  E.  Scott  of 
Chicago  served  as  acting  general  manager  until 
September,  and  was  then  made  general  man- 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       41 

Concerning  the  task  before  the  War  Council, 
a  writer  at  the  time  of  its  organization  says : 

To  administer  the  affairs  of  the  Red  Cross  effi- 
ciently, to  coordinate  the  efforts  of  its  millions  of 
volunteer  workers,  to  affiliate  with  it  the  work  of  other 
relief  organizations  and  prevent  duplications  of  effort, 
to  spend  wisely  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars,  to  see 
that  hospitals  and  hospital  staffs  are  taken  all  over 
the  world,  that  whole  populations  are  cared  for,  that 
whole  sections  of  ravaged  country  are  put  on  the  road 
to  restoration  —  that  is  the  merest  outline  of  a  work 
the  plan  and  scope  of  which  demands  administrative 
talent  without  superior.  The  kind  of  men  who  span 
continents  with  railways,  furrow  the  seven  seas  with 
giant  steamships  or  handle  the  finances  of  nations  — 
that  is  the  kind  of  men  needed  for  the  work  of  the 
Red  Cross.  The  people  giving  their  mites  to  the  Red 
Cross  must  have  the  utmost  confidence  in  not  only  the 
ability  of  these  administrators  but  in  the  singleness  of 
mind  and  purity  of  purpose.^^ 

Once  organized  and  in  operation,  the  War 
Council  was  confronted  with  a  heavy  responsi- 
bility. The  problems  of  relief  at  home  and 
abroad  had  to  be  met  immediately,  and  so  the 
members  at  once  began  to  plan  and  organize 
for  active  work.  Henry  P.  Davison,  writing 
concerning  the  War  Council  in  June,  1917, 
stated  that  it  was  developing  plans  which  in- 
volved the  selection  of  the  best  talent  in  the 


42  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

United  States  in  medicine,  in  sanitation,  in 
transportation,  in  constrnction,  in  welfare  work, 
in  purchasing,  in  commercial  business,  in  ac- 
counting, and  in  such  other  lines  as  might  be 
required.  '^Ordinarily",  he  said,  "it  would  be 
difficult  to  employ  trained  talent  of  the  char- 
acter required.  Men  would  not  be  available, 
but  it  has  already  been  demonstrated  beyond 
any  concern  on  the  part  of  the  council  that  the 
best  talent  is  available,  and  most  of  it  volun- 
teer, so  that  in  whatever  direction  it  may  be 
necessary  to  move,  the  work  may  be  carried  on 
intelligently,  efficiently,  and  economically.'"^*^ 

In  developing  the  operating  organization  of 
the  Red  Cross,  the  War  Council  introduced  no 
new  or  novel  business  devices,  but  used 
methods  identical  with  those  followed  by  any 
large  business  house  having  thousands  of  scat- 
tered branches  and  serving  millions  of  people.^^ 
It  showed  "courage,  disinterested  zeal  and 
breadth  of  purpose."  It  sought  expert  advice 
and  did  not  hesitate  "to  scrap  what  it  consid- 
ered antiquated  machinery  of  organization."^^ 

ORGANIZATION  OP  NATIONAL  HEADQUARTERS 

At  national  headquarters  the  organization 
was  divided  into  eight  separate  bureaus  as  fol- 
lows: Military  Relief,  Civilian  Relief,  Nursing 
Service,   Transportation   and   Supply   Service, 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       43 

Standards,  Chapter  Development,  Woman's 
Work,  and  Publicity.  A  director,  selected  be- 
cause of  Ms  or  her  fitness  for  the  particular 
work,  was  placed  in  charge  of  each  bureau.^^ 

The  first  two  bureaus  were  largely  respon- 
sible for  the  reUef  work  of  the  Red  Cross. 
Through  the  Bureau  of  Military  Relief,  the  Red 
Cross  followed  ''our  soldiers  to  the  front  and 
our  sailors  on  the  high  seas  rendering  to  them 
all  the  physical  and  mental  comforts  possible." 
The  comfort  and  welfare  of  the  families  of  en- 
listed men  were  cared  for  by  the  Bureau  of 
Civilian  Relief.  The  Bureau  of  Standards  has 
been  called  "the  commercial  engineering  de- 
partment" of  the  Red  Cross.  Its  work  was  to 
standardize  all  practices,  to  install  standardized 
accounting  systems,  and  to  analyze  all  pro- 
posals suggested  by  any  of  the  chapters  to 
determine  if  they  would  be  practical  for  use  by 
all.  The  organization  of  chapters  and  the  put- 
ting into  operation  through  the  divisional 
departments  of  all  new  plans  for  chapter  activ- 
ities was  left  to  the  Bureau  of  Chapter  Develop- 
ment. These  four  bureaus,  along  with  the 
Bureau  of  Nursing  which  controlled  all  matters 
pertaining  to  nursing  service,  corresponded  in 
a  general  way  to  the  five  departments  of  the 
Red  Cross  as  they  stood  before  the  creation  of 
the  War  Council.*'^ 


44  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Of  the  three  additional  bureaus,  the  Bureau 
of  Transportation  and  Supplies  looked  after 
the  purchase  of  all  supplies  for  the  American 
Red  Cross.  It  also  arranged  for  the  shipment 
of  goods  abroad  and  the  distribution  of  raw 
materials  and  the  collection  of  surgical  dress- 
ings and  hospital  supplies  made  throughout  this 
country.  The  function  of  the  Woman's  Bureau 
was  to  mobilize  the  women  of  the  nation  for 
Red  Cross  service  and  to  prepare  and  instruct 
them  for  carrying  on  the  Avork.  To  the  Pub- 
licity Bureau  fell  the  direction  of  all  work  along 
publicity  lines  —  a  task  which  was  of  great  im- 
portance to  the  Red  Cross  work.*^^ 

In  order  to  handle  the  situation  effectively  in 
the  foreign  countries,  the  War  Council  sent 
commissions  to  France,  Russia,  Italy,  Rumania, 
and  Serbia.  The  commissions  studied  the  con- 
ditions in  these  countries  and  w^orked  in  close 
cooperation  with  the  American  military  and 
diplomatic  officers  abroad.  Their  recommenda- 
tions were  passed  upon  by  the  War  Council, 
which  determined  what  action  should  be  taken.*'*' 

DECENTRALIZATION    OP    ORGANIZATION 

Previous  to  1917  the  American  National  Red 
Cross  was  largely  a  centralized  organization, 
the  headquarters  at  Washington  being  the  cen- 
ter of  operations.    One  of  the  early  steps  of  the 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       45 

War  Council  was  to  decentralize  administration 
and  responsibility  so  as  to  secure  the  utmost 
efficiency  from  the  Red  Cross  machine.  This 
was  brought  about  by  establishing  fourteen 
divisions  —  thirteen  for  the  United  States  in- 
cluding Alaska,  and  one  for  the  remainder  of 
the  world.  Each  division  had  headquarters 
located  within  the  district.  The  organization 
of  each  division  was  much  like  that  at  Wash- 
ington. There  was  a  division  manager  for  each 
district,  and  under  him  operated  the  various 
bureaus,  which  corresponded  in  a  general  way 
to  those  of  the  national  organization.  All  plans 
and  activities  which  originated  at  the  national 
headquarters  were  carried  out  by  the  di^^sional 
organizations.'''^ 

This  scheme  of  Red  Cross  organization  pro- 
vided no  place  for  State  organizations ;  and  so 
the  old  State  boards  were  discontinued.  All 
chapters  became  directly  responsible  to  the 
division,  while  auxiliaries  and  branches  were 
made  subordinate  to  the  chapters.  The  func- 
tions of  chapters,  branches,  and  auxiliaries 
were  not,  however,  greatly  changed  in  the  mobil- 
ization of  the  Red  Cross.  As  before,  they  had 
complete  charge  of  all  local  activities  and  were 
the  agencies  by  which  much  of  the  Red  Cross 
work  was  carried  on.  The  efficiency  of  the  Red 
Cross  organization  rested  mainly  upon  the  chap- 


46  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

ters;  they  provided  its  bone  and  sinew;  they 
supplied  its  funds ;  they  furnished  its  men  and 
women ;  and  they  contributed  its  enthusiasm. 

As  the  war  work  of  the  American  Red  Cross 
developed,  the  chapters  underwent  various 
changes  in  their  organization.  With  increased 
experience,  those  in  charge  of  the  chapters  were 
able  to  evolve  more  and  more  efficient  plans  of 
operation.  Plans  for  the  organization  of  chap- 
ters were  drawn  up  by  the  Bureau  of  Develop- 
ment, although  each  chapter  was  left  to  alter 
the  general  plan  so  as  to  best  adapt  it  to  its 
own  community.^^ 

In  granting  charters  a  definite  jurisdiction  in 
which  to  operate  and  for  w^hich  to  be  respon- 
sible was  given  to  the  several  chapters.  Thus  a 
chapter  was  charged  with  the  task  of  developing 
Red  Cross  work  in  all  parts  of  its  jurisdiction. 
From  the  beginning  the  county  was  considered 
as  the  most  desirable  basis  of  chapter  jurisdic- 
tion. As  far  as  possible  the  aim  was  to  estab- 
lish one  chapter  in  every  county,  with  control 
over  the  entire  county.  This  was  not  always 
practicable,  however,  as  more  natural  boun- 
daries than  county  lines  sometimes  existed.*'^ 

Each  chapter  was  permitted  to  establish 
branches  and  auxiliaries  in  the  territory  under 
its  jurisdiction,  so  as  to  assure  the  carrying  on 
of  Red  Cross  work  in  all  centers.     Branches 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       47 

were  miniature  chapters,  being  organized  much 
like  the  chapters.  They  were  assigned  a  certain 
territory  and  within  those  limits  carried  on  the 
same  work  as  did  the  chapters.  The  hope  was 
to  have  a  branch  in  every  populous  center  of  a 
chapter's  jurisdiction.  In  general  it  appears 
that  township  lines  were  deemed  to  be  the  best 
means  of  dividing  branch  territory,  but  other 
boundaries  were  frequently  used.  Branches 
were  completely  under  control  of  the  chapters ; 
and  just  as  the  chapters  were  under  the  division 
organizations  and  received  orders  from  and  re- 
ported to  them,  so  the  branches  looked  to  the 
chapters  for  their  instructions  and  made  re- 
ports of  their  activities  to  their  chapter  offi- 
cers.'^° 

Auxiliaries  differed  from  branches  in  that  a 
branch  was  a  permanent  organization  with  a 
given  territory  and  doing  the  same  work  as  the 
chapter,  while  an  auxiliary  was  a  temporary 
organization  formed  to  undertake  one  or  more 
special  forms  of  Red  Cross  work.  Lines  of 
work  considered  suitable  for  auxiliaries  were 
the  making  of  hospital  garments  or  surgical 
dressings;  organization  of  classes  for  instruc- 
tion in  first  aid,  home  dietetics,  elementary 
hygiene,  and  home  care  of  the  sick;  securing 
members;  raising  funds;  or  collecting  supplies. 
Auxiliaries  could  be  established  'Svithin  any 


48  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

group  of  persons  associated  through  ties  of 
race,  work,  or  common  interest",  such  as  patri- 
otic organizations,  fraternal  societies,  civic 
associations,  clubs,  labor  unions,  churches,  or 
religious  societies,  schools  or  colleges,  or  em- 
ployees of  industrial  concerns  J  ^ 

Both  auxiliaries  and  branches  were  required 
to  make  financial  reports  to  the  chapter.  The 
money  raised  could  be  retained  in  their  own 
treasuries  or  transmitted  to  the  chapter  treas- 
urer, according  to  arrangements.  But  money 
retained  by  the  subsidiary  organizations  could 
not  be  used  for  any  other  purpose  than  that  for 
which  it  was  raised.'^^ 

Two  special  forms  of  auxiliaries  were  devel- 
oped to  meet  special  conditions.  Thus,  in  com- 
pliance with  wishes  expressed  by  Secretary 
Daniels  provision  was  made  for  naval  auxili- 
aries. In  any  community  in  which  there  was  a 
Red  Cross  chapter,  women  who  desired  to  work 
especially  for  the  navy  could  organize  and  be- 
come an  auxiliary  of  the  Red  Cross.  Again,  by 
means  of  junior  auxiliaries,  the  school  children 
of  the  land  were  given  an  active  part  in  Red 
Cross  work.  Activities  of  junior  auxiliaries 
were  carried  on  entirely  in  the  schools.'^^* 

Up  to  the  time  the  United  States  entered  the 
World  War  the  number  of  Red  Cross  chapters 
in  the  country  was  very  small,  but  after  that 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       49 

time  the  number  of  chapters  increased  by  leaps 
and  bounds.  Beginning  with  272  chapters  on 
February  3,  1917,  the  number  increased  to  562 
by  May.'^'*  On  July  1st  there  were  1534  chapters 
—  a  gain  in  five  months  of  nearly  six  times  the 
number  of  chapters  organized  during  the  pre- 
ceding five  years.  During  Red  Cross  week  from 
June  18th  to  25th,  when  the  first  War  Fund  was 
raised,  over  two  hundred  chapters  were  organ- 
ized in  towns  and  cities  where  no  official  Red 
Cross  organization  had  previously  existed.  By 
May,  1918,  the  number  had  more  than  doubled 
again,  there  being  3551  chapters,  11,000  branch- 
es, and  50,000  auxiliaries  located  in  all  parts  of 
the  world.'^^ 

ORGANIZATION  OP  THE  CENTRAL  DIVISION 

The  state  of  Iowa  was  a  part  of  the  Central 
Division,  which  included  four  other  States  — 
Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and  Nebraska. 
The  headquarters  of  the  division  were  located 
in  Chicago.  Except  that  there  was  no  central 
committee  or  war  council,  the  Central  Division, 
like  all  others,  was  organized  on  much  the  same 
plan  as  the  national  body.  Standing  at  the 
head  of  each  divisional  organization  was  a  di- 
vision manager,  who  was  the  executive  head  of 
the  machine.  A.  H.  Sprague,  2d.,  of  Chicago, 
was  the  first  manager  of  the  Central  Division. 

VOL.  I — 5 


50  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

He  resigned  to  enter  service  and  Bruce  D. 
Smith,  a  Chicago  banker,  was  named  to  suc- 
ceed him  in  September,  1917.  In  July,  1918, 
another  change  was  made  and  Howard  Fenton 
became  manager.  Lewis  N.  Wiggins  was  asso- 
ciate director  under  Mr.  Smith,  and  Calvin 
Fentress  held  a  similar  position  under  Mr. 
Fenton.'^  Under  the  division  manager  eight 
bureaus  were  established,  corresponding  to  the 
bureaus  of  the  national  organization,  each  with 
a  director  in  charge."" 

A  particular  line  of  work  was  mapped  out  for 
each  bureau.  The  Bureau  of  Development  was 
one  of  much  importance  as  it  was  responsible 
for  nearly  all  divisional  matters  of  principle 
and  policy  which  related  to  the  chapters.  J.  J. 
O'Connor,  who  had  been  at  the  head  of  the 
Central  Division  of  the  Bureau  of  Chapters 
under  the  old  organization,  was  made  director 
of  this  bureau  upon  its  organization.  About 
March,  1918,  Lewis  Wiggins  became  director  of 
the  Bureau  of  Development,  being  in  turn  fol- 
lowed by  R.  C.  McNamara.  As  its  name  indi- 
cates, this  department  was  concerned  with  the 
development  of  Red  Cross  activities  of  all  sorts 
among  the  local  organizations.  It  had  charge 
of  the  establishment  of  chapters  and  handled  all 
organization  problems  of  the  chapters.  This 
bureau  had  charge  of  membership  extension. 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       51 

including  the  Junior  Red  Cross,  and  financial 
campaigns/^ 

T.  J.  Edmunds  served  as  director  of  the 
Bureau  of  Civilian  Relief  for  the  Central  Divi- 
sion until  Dr.  John  L.  Gillin  of  Wisconsin  Uni- 
versity was  called  to  that  position  in  March, 
1918.  Dr.  Gillin  remained  in  control  until  the 
middle  of  August,  1919.  This  department  in- 
cluded ''home  service" — the  work  with  fami- 
lies of  the  men  in  service.  The  aim  was  to  aid 
any  families  or  individuals  in  need  of  assistance 
or  advice  because  of  the  enlistment  of  any  of 
their  numbers.  To  help  along  this  line  of  ser- 
vice the  bureau  conducted  home  service  insti- 
tutes and  extension  courses  to  prepare  persons 
to  administer  civilian  relief  properly.  The  care 
of  discharged  soldiers  and  the  supervision  of 
disaster  relief  was  also  delegated  to  the  Bureau 
of  Civilian  Relief.'^^ 

The  Bureau  of  Military  Relief  assumed 
charge  of  relief  activities  among  the  men  in  ser- 
vice. Thus  the  direction  of  Red  Cross  work  in 
all  camps,  cantonments,  training  stations,  and 
military  posts,  and  the  supervision  of  the  can- 
teen work  of  the  chapters  fell  in  this  depart- 
ment. Fremont  B.  Hitchcock,  Vaughan  Spald- 
ing, Charles  A.  Steward,  and  Ralph  A.  Bard 
each  served  for  a  time  as  director  of  this 
bureau. 


52  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

The  enrollment  of  Red  Cross  nurses,  the 
formation  of  nursing  units,  the  appointment  of 
instructors  in  elementary  hygiene,  and  similar 
duties  connected  with  the  nursing  program  were 
looked  after  by  the  Bureau  of  Nursing  Service, 
which  w^as  under  the  direction  of  Miss  Minnie 
A.  Ahrens.^*^ 

The  chapters  of  the  Red  Cross  bought  their 
raw  material  from  the  division  headquarters. 
The  Bureau  of  Supplies  handled  this  work  and 
bought  and  sold  to  the  chapters  at  cost  all  the 
materials  used  in  the  production  of  hospital 
supplies,  garments,  surgical  dressings,  and 
comforts.  When  articles  were  completed  by  the 
chapters  they  were  sent  back  to  the  Bureau  of 
Supplies,  w^here  they  Vv^ere  inspected,  repacked, 
and  shipped  to  places  of  need.  Printed  supplies 
required  for  administrative  purposes  were  dis- 
tributed by  this  bureau.  The  men  who  served 
as  directors  of  this  bureau  during  the  war  were 
Frank  Hibbard,  E.  K.  Hardy,  and  Charles 
"VVare.^^ 

A  Woman's  Bureau  was  created  to  conduct 
the  Red  Cross  activities  of  special  interest  to 
the  women.  Included  in  its  work  was  the  stand- 
ardization and  inspection  of  hospital  supplies 
and  garments,  surgical  dressings,  general  sup- 
plies, and  comfort  kits;  the  standardization  of 
work   rooms;    the    organization    of   classes   in 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       53 

surgical  dressings ;  and  the  training  of  instruc- 
tors. Miss  Ina  M.  Taft  was  the  director  ap- 
pointed for  this  bureau.  She  resigned  in  March, 
1918,  to  take  up  work  with  the  national  organ- 
ization at  Washington  and  no  successor  was 
appointed.^^ 

The  publication  of  the  division  bulletin,  the 
conduct  of  the  news  service,  the  speakers'  bu- 
reau, entertainments,  motion  pictures,  and  all 
matters  pertaining  to  publicity  were  under  the 
Publicity  Bureau,  the  directors  of  which  were 
Clarence  A.  Hough  and  Allen  B.  Ripley.  The 
Bureau  of  Accounting,  under  J.  F.  Dillman  and 
later  under  F.  C.  Waller,  directed  the  chapter 
accounting,  the  summarizing  of  monthly  reports 
from  chapters,  the  recording  of  memberships, 
and  office  management.^^ 

Each  of  these  bureaus  was  charged  with  the 
responsibility  of  developing  and  carrying  on  its 
particular  line  of  work  throughout  the  Central 
Division;  and  all  chapters  in  the  Central  Divi- 
sion were  directly  under  the  control  of  the 
division  officials  at  Chicago  and  had  to  look  to 
the  bureaus  there  for  guidance  in  their  several 
lines  of  activity.  Some  of  the  bureaus,  in  order 
to  keep  in  touch  with  the  chapters  and  better 
cooperate  with  them,  maintained  field  agents 
whose  duty  it  was  to  visit  the  chapters  and  ad- 
vise and  instruct  them.    The  Bureau  of  Devel- 


54  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

opment  had  agents  in  the  field  who  helped  to 
organize  chapters  and  solve  organization  prob- 
lems ;  civilian  relief  work  was  promoted  by  field 
secretaries  from  the  Bureau  of  Civilian  Relief; 
and  the  Bureau  of  Accounting  sent  representa- 
tives out  to  help  chapters  solve  their  accounting 
difficulties.^^ 

THE   STATE  ORGANIZATION 

Interest  in  the  Red  Cross  greatly  increased  in 
Iowa  immediately  after  the  declaration  of  a 
state  of  war  with  Germany.  At  that  time  the 
fourteen  divisions  of  the  Red  Cross  had  not 
been  established  and  in  order  to  form  a  chapter 
in  Iowa  it  was  necessary  to  get  a  charter  from 
the  Central  Division  of  the  Department  of 
Chapters.  J.  J.  O'Connor,  the  director  of  this 
department,  had  nine  States  under  his  super- 
vision; and  with  a  view  to  facilitating  the  or- 
ganization of  chapters,  he  named  a  director  to 
undertake  the  organization  work  in  each  State. 

At  a  meeting  of  Red  Cross  workers  from  the 
nine  States  of  the  Central  Division  on  the  first 
of  May,  1917,  James  B.  Weaver  agreed  to  act  as 
the  Iowa  State  director  and  to  line  up  the  State 
for  the  Red  Cross.  Not  only  was  he  to  grant 
requests  for  charters,  but  he  was  to  initiate  a 
campaign  to  see  that  every  locality  in  the  State 
of  Iowa  was  organized  for  Red  Cross  work. 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       55 

He  proceeded  to  organize  chapters  or  branch- 
es in  every  Iowa  county.  This  having  been 
accomplished  he  resigned  in  July  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Dr.  A.  E.  Kepford,  State  lecturer  on 
tuberculosis,  who  volunteered  to  assume  this 
work  along  with  his  regular  duties.  Although 
every  county  in  the  State  boasted  a  Red  Cross 
organization,  there  was  still  work  to  be  done  in 
coordinating  the  chapter  activities  and  aiding 
them  to  greater  development  and  usefulness. 
Mr.  Weaver's  jurisdiction  was  limited  to  mat- 
ters of  organization;  but  later  the  State  direc- 
tor, although  always  concerned  chiefly  with 
organization  problems,  cooperated  with  the 
Central  Division  in  promoting  all  lines  of  Red 
Cross  endeavor.^^ 

Later  when  the  decentralization  of  the  Red 
Cross  took  place  fourteen  divisions  were  estab- 
lished. Under  the  new  arrangement  no  provi- 
sion was  made  for  State  organizations.  All 
chapters  were  made  directly  responsible,  not  to 
a  State  body,  but  to  their  division  headquarters. 
In  some  States,  however,  the  State  director  who 
had  been  appointed  under  the  old  plan  was  re- 
tained. This  was  the  case  in  Iowa  where  Dr. 
Kepford  continued  as  State  director  throughout 
the  war  period. 

Under  this  arrangement  the  State  director 
did  not  always  find  himself  in  an  enviable  posi- 


56  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

tion.  Dr.  Kepford  described  his  situation  as 
being  much  like  that  of  a  fifth  wheel  on  a  wagon. 
While  he  was  supposed  to  have  a  certain  degree 
of  authority  over  the  chapters,  they  were  work- 
ing directly  with  the  bureaus  of  the  Central 
Division.  Misunderstandings  and  confusion 
often  resulted.  It  appears,  however,  that  Dr. 
Kepford,  being  urged  to  continue  in  his  posi- 
tion, adjusted  himself  as  best  he  could  to  the 
situation. 

The  desirability  of  maintaining  a  distinct 
organization  to  direct  the  work  in  each  State  is 
a  question  which  was  often  raised  in  the  cor- 
respondence coming  into  the  State  director's 
office.  Many  Eed  Cross  workers  over  the  State 
expressed  themselves  as  convinced  that  such  an 
arrangement  would  bring  better  results.  In 
many  cases  the  feeling  seemed  to  be  that  per- 
sons living  in  Iowa  and  well  acquainted  with 
the  conditions  prevailing  here,  would  be  better 
able  to  direct  the  work  than  outsiders. 

Numerous  protests  were  made  by  chapter 
chairmen  and  other  workers  in  the  State  com- 
plaining that  they  were  being  constantly  har- 
assed by  orders  and  suggestions  from  the 
National  Headquarters  or  the  Central  Division. 
One  chapter  chairman  expressed  the  opinion 
that  the  ''calls  from  above  are  far  too  numer- 
ous, and  the  organization  is  too  complex  and 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       57 

too  much  stuck  up  with  officers,  committees  and 
functionaries.  I  think  one  trouble  is  that  the 
fellows  above  don't  realize  the  difference  be- 
tween the  rural  problem  and  the  city  problem. 
.  .  .  .  The  postage  waste  during  the  past 
few  months  must  have  been  enormous.  I  judge 
this  from  the  matter  sent  this  office.  I  have 
been  unable  to  read  a  tenth  part  of  that  matter, 
and  the  postage  has  run  as  high  as  25  and  30 
cents  a  day  on  mail  sent  me. ' ' 

This  man's  solution  was  to  handle  the  work 
by  States.  "Those  on  the  ground",  he  says, 
"are  the  best  judges  of  what  can  be  done  in  a 
locality,  and  I  honestly  believe  that  in  most 
cases  efficient  work  will  be  done  without  so 
much  prodding  from  above.  "^'^ 

Due  to  railroad  conditions  and  facilities,  it 
was  found  desirable  in  some  of  the  States  of 
the  Central  Division  to  "clear"  through  cer- 
tain local  centers.  In  Nebraska,  for  instance, 
instead  of  each  chapter  receiving  its  raw  mate- 
rials from  and  sending  its  finished  goods  to  the 
Bureau  of  Supplies  at  Chicago,  the  chapters 
purchased  from  and  shipped  to  Omaha,  which 
forms  the  railway  center  for  much  of  the  State. 
At  Omaha  the  goods  were  inspected,  assorted, 
and  packed  ready  for  shipment  to  their  ultimate 
destination.  Likewise  in  Michigan  a  large  por- 
tion of  the  State  "cleared"  throusrh  Detroit. 


58  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

While  all  chapters  in  the  eastern  half  of  Iowa 
sent  directly  to  Chicago  for  their  materials  and 
returned  their  finished  goods  there,  the  western 
half  of  the  State  "cleared"  through  Des 
Moines.  All  counties  w^est  of  and  including 
Winnebago,  Hancock,  Wright,  Hamilton,  Story, 
Polk,  Warren,  Lucas,  and  Wayne,  fifty-two  in 
number,  shipped  to  Des  Moines.  The  remain- 
ing forty-seven  counties  dealt  directly  with 
Chicago.^'^ 

To  handle  these  supplies  in  Des  Moines,  an 
Iowa  shipping  station  was  opened.  It  was  at 
first  located  in  some  unused  rooms  of  the  Lin- 
coln School  Building  and  later  in  quarters 
donated  by  the  Herring  Motor  Company.  Here 
all  the  supplies  from  the  western  half  of  Iowa 
were  received,  inspected,  assorted,  and  re- 
packed for  shipment.  This  involved  a  consider- 
able amount  of  work  which  was  carried  on  by  a 
large  force  of  volunteer  workers.  Dr.  Kepford, 
as  State  director,  was  in  charge  of  the  station, 
but  the  management  was  largely  turned  over  to 
other  workers.  In  September,  1918,  Carl  F. 
Percival  was  appointed  by  Dr.  Kepford  as 
manager  of  the  shipping  station.  The  State 
director  was  furnished  with  a  revolving  fund 
by  the  Central  Division  to  be  used  in  operating 
the  shipping  station  and  for  meeting  other 
necessary  expenditures.^^ 


RED  CROSS  WAR  ORGANIZATION       59 

From  time  to  time  individuals  were  appoint- 
ed to  supervise  certain  phases  of  Red  Cross 
activity  throughout  the  State.  Thus  in  De- 
cember, 1917,  appointments  for  the  State  of 
Iowa  were  0.  E.  Klingaman,  of  the  Extension 
Division  of  the  State  University,  as  instructor 
of  chapters  in  civilian  relief  and  Ralph  J.  Reed, 
executive  secretary  of  the  Iowa  Tuberculosis 
Association,  as  director  of  the  case  and  policy 
work  of  the  Civilian  Relief  Committee  in  Iowa. 
Mr.  Reed  also  handled  the  sale  of  Red  Cross 
Christmas  seals  in  the  State  in  1917.^^ 

A  State  convention  of  Iowa  Red  Cross  work- 
ers was  held  at  Des  Moines,  October  29  and  30, 
1917.  Everj^  chapter,  branch,  and  auxiliary  in 
the  State  was  urged  to  have  a  representative  in 
attendance  to  benefit  from  the  helpful  ideas,  the 
inspiration,  and  the  enthusiasm.  Over  four 
hundred  delegates  answered  the  call.  The  pro- 
gram was  given  over  to  a  discussion  of  Red 
Cross  work,  the  purpose  being  to  make  the 
gathering  a  source  of  information  and  instruc- 
tion. Among  the  speakers  were  Bruce  D. 
Smith,  manager  of  the  Central  Division,  J.  J. 
0  'Connor  of  the  Bureau  of  Development  of  the 
Central  Division,  and  Governor  William  L. 
Harding.  The  large  silk  American  flag,  made 
by  Mrs.  W.  L.  Harding,  to  be  offered  as  a  prize 
in  the  membership  campaign,  was  displayed.^^ 


IV 

De^telopment  of  Red  Cross  Oeganization" 
IN  Iowa 

Under  the  pre-war  organization  a  Red  Cross 
State  Board  for  Iowa  was  appointed  in  October, 
1910.  The  Governor  of  Iowa  was  president; 
Lafayette  Young  of  Des  Moines,  vice  president ; 
J.  K.  Deming  of  Dubuque,  treasurer ;  and  C.  C. 
Nye  of  Des  Moines,  secretary.  The  other  mem- 
bers Avere  James  P.  Conner  of  Denison,  Robert 
Healey  of  Fort  Dodge,  George  E.  MacLean  of 
Iowa  City,  Bernard  Murphy  of  Vinton,  J.  J. 
Richardson  of  Davenport,  Samuel  Snyder  of 
Council  Blutfs,  and  James  B.  Weaver  of  Des 
Moines.  With  few  exceptions  these  men  con- 
tinued in  office  until  the  State  boards  were  elim- 
inated in  the  reorganization  follo\\4ng  the 
appointment  of  the  War  Council. 

During  the  lifetime  of  this  State  Board  it  was 
active  in  collecting  funds  and  supplies  for  relief 
in  three  large  disasters  —  the  famine  in  China 
in  1912,  the  Mississippi  flood  in  1912,  and  the 
Ohio-Indiana  flood  of  1913.  In  each  instance 
a  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  Governor 
calling  for  contributions  of  money  and  supplies. 

60 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS  61 

As  contributors  were  permitted  to  send  their 
donations  direct  to  Wasliington  instead  of  to 
the  treasurer  of  the  Board,  only  a  small  part  of 
the  funds  donated  by  the  State  appeared  on  the 
books  of  the  treasurer.  The  amounts  that  did 
appear  Avere  $334.13  for  the  famine  in  China, 
$21.70  for  the  Mississippi  flood,  and  $1756.70 
for  the  Ohio-Indiana  flood  sufferers.  A  special 
contribution  of  $191.60  was  received  on  April 
29, 1913,  for  aid  in  Ralston,  Nebraska.  In  1914 
the  Board  received  $582.01  from  an  appeal  for 
war  relief  in  Europe.  In  1916,  $110.50  was  re- 
ceived for  war  relief  in  Poland.  During  the 
existence  of  the  State  Board  no  regular  or  spe- 
cial meetings  were  ever  held.^^ 

EAELY  RED  CROSS  CHAPTERS  IN  IOWA 

The  first  Red  Cross  chapter  in  Iowa  was  that 
formed  at  Burlington  on  November  26,  1906, 
and  was  due  to  the  initiative  of  Miss  Mary 
Perkins,  then  a  resident  of  that  city.  For  a 
period  of  three  years  this  chapter's  activities 
were  confined  to  increasing  the  membership 
and  maintaining  an  interest  in  the  national 
organization.  Beginning  in  1909  Christmas 
seals  were  sold  and  the  proceeds  devoted  to  a 
campaign  against  tuberculosis.  In  ten  years 
the  chapter  sold  over  300,000  Red  Cross  Christ- 
mas seals.     With  the  approacli  of  war  it  ex- 


62  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

tended  its  activities  in  the  direction   of  war 
work."2 

No  other  chapters  were  formed  in  Iowa  until 
1916.  Cedar  Falls  formed  a  chapter  in  May  of 
that  year  and  during  the  last  half  of  the  year, 
seven  additional  chapters  were  organized  in 
Clinton,  Council  Bluffs,  Des  Moines,  Dubuque, 
Henry  County,  Muscatine,  and  Webster  Coun- 
ty. The  formation  of  these  chapters  was  no 
doubt  stimulated  by  the  approaching  war 
clouds :  they  were  organized  ^^^.th  the  idea  of 
engaging  actively  in  Red  Cross  work.^^ 

GROWTH  OF  CHAPTERS  AFTER  DECLARATION  OP  WAR 

No  sooner  had  the  United  States  declared 
that  a  state  of  war  existed  than  persons  in  all 
parts  of  Iowa  became  inspired  with  a  desire  to 
have  a  Red  Cross  chapter  established  in  their 
particular  county,  city,  town,  or  village.  Since 
it  was  necessary  to  have  a  charter  from  the 
American  National  Red  Cross  before  an  author- 
ized chapter  could  be  established,  there  was  a 
big  demand  for  Red  Cross  charters.  To  secure 
a  charter  it  was  necessary  to  obtain  the  signa- 
ture of  ten  persons  to  a  formal  petition.  These 
persons  were  required  to  designate  a  tempo- 
rary chairman  and  secretary  and  then  forward 
the  petition,  accompanied  by  the  dues  of  the 
signers,  to  the  proper  Red  Cross  officials.^^ 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         63 

In  order  to  form  a  chapter  in  Iowa  tlie  peti- 
tion had  to  be  sent  to  Mr.  O'Connor  of  the  Cen- 
tral Division  who  was  empowered  to  authorize 
the  chapters  and  determine  their  jurisdictions. 
It  was  to  facilitate  this  work  that  the  State 
directors,  including  Mr.  Weaver  of  Iowa,  were 
appointed.^^ 

Mr.  Weaver  entered  enthusiastically  into  the 
work  of  organization.  He  held  meetings  in 
many  sections  of  the  State,  speaking  and  en- 
gendering enthusiasm  for  the  cause  which  he 
represented.  So  great  was  the  demand  for  him 
that  he  could  not  begin  to  meet  all  the  requests 
for  speaking  engagements,  and  so  he  drew  oth- 
ers into  the  work  to  assist  him.  The  organiza- 
tion program  progressed  rapidly  and  the 
number  of  Red  Cross  units  increased  by  leaps 
and  bounds.  The  great  factor  in  bringing  re- 
sults was  not  any  particular  individual,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Weaver,  ''but  the  unbounded  zeal  of 
the  people  of  Iowa  themselves  in  responding  to 
the  nation's  need.  The  enthusiasm  as  shown  in 
chapter  organization  ....  has  been  un- 
surpassed anj^^here."^*' 

Twenty-four  Red  Cross  chapters  were  in 
operation  in  Iowa  when  Mr.  Weaver  began  his 
duties  as  State  director  on  the  first  day  of  May. 
By  the  end  of  the  next  two  weeks  the  number 
had  increased  over  two  hundred  per  cent,  there 


64  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

being  seventy-five  chapters  in  good  working 
order  with  a  number  of  others  in  the  process  of 
organization.^"^ 

Iowa  led  all  the  States  of  the  Union  in  the 
number  of  chapters  formed  during  June,  1917, 
according  to  the  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Chap- 
ters which  showed  eighty-one  for  the  month. 
Michigan,  also  in  the  Central  Division,  was  sec- 
ond with  forty-six  new  chapters.  At  the  end  of 
the  same  month,  Iowa,  with  one  hundred  and 
twelve  active  chapters,  had  more  than  any  other 
State.  New  York  stood  second  with  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  and  Pennsylvania  third  with 
ninety-six.  The  number  of  chapters  in  the  oth- 
er States  of  the  Central  Division  at  this  time 
was  Michigan  sixty-nine,  Illinois  sixty-eight, 
Wisconsin  fifty,  and  Nebraska  thirty-six. 

The  foregoing  figures,  however,  cover  only 
those  chapters  which  had  been  recognized  by 
and  placed  upon  the  records  of  the  American 
National  Eed  Cross.  There  were  many  more 
fully  organized  chapters  in  Iowa  which  had  not 
been  officially  recorded  at  national  headquar- 
ters. Figures  given  out  by  the  Iowa  State 
director  showed  that  by  the  middle  of  June 
there  were  one  hundred  and  forty  chapters, 
with  at  least  one  organization  in  each  of  the 
ninety-nine  counties.^^ 

Practically  all  of  Iowa  was  organized  when 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         65 

Mr.  Weaver  resigned  and  Dr.  Kepford  suc- 
ceeded him  in  July.  After  assuming  the  duties 
of  State  director,  Dr.  Kepford  issued  few  addi- 
tional charters :  he  devoted  his  time  to  increas- 
ing the  efficiency  of  the  chapters  already 
formed.  Only  eleven  charters  were  issued  after 
the  first  of  August,  1917.  The  maximum  num- 
ber of  chapters  in  the  State  was  reached  during 
October,  1917,  when  there  were  one  hundred 
and  sixty-seven.  Later  the  policy  was  adopted 
of  consolidating  the  smaller  units  into  county 
chapters.  As  a  result  of  this  policy  the  number 
of  chapters  had  been  reduced  by  June  30,  1919, 
to  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight.®^ 

When  the  chapters  were  once  organized  they 
in  turn  organized  branches  and  auxiliaries  with- 
in their  jurisdiction.  By  August  1,  1917,  it 
appears  that  in  addition  to  the  chapters  there 
were  430  branches  in  the  State.  By  August  of 
the  following  year  there  were  1158  branches 
and  auxiliaries;  and  by  August,  1919,  there 
were  1351.  Of  these,  964  were  branches  and 
387  were  auxiliaries.^^^ 

While  the  large  number  of  chapters  formed 
in  Iowa  is  a  good  indication  of  the  Red  Cross 
spirit  and  enthusiasm  which  so  rapidly  perme- 
ated the  State,  it  does  not  necessarily  indicate 
a  more  rapid  or  better  organization  than  that 
which  took  place  in  other  States.    The  number 

VOL.  I — 6 


6Q  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

of  chapters  formed  was  no  criterion  of  the  ex- 
tent to  which  a  State  was  organized.  In  truth, 
the  large  number  of  chapters  formed  in  Iowa 
was  due  to  the  fact  that  in  so  many  counties 
two  or  even  more  chapters  were  granted  char- 
ters, instead  of  adhering  more  closely  to  the 
general  Red  Cross  policy  of  establishing,  so  far 
as  possible,  chapters  vdth.  county  jurisdictions. 

PROBLEMS  OF  ORGANIZATION   AND  OPERATION 

Little  or  no  difficulty  was  found  in  bringing 
about  the  establishment  of  Red  Cross  chapters 
throughout  the  State  of  Iowa :  in  practically 
every  place  there  were  those  who  were  eager  to 
assume  the  responsibility  of  organizing  a  chap- 
ter. But  there  were  a  few  communities  in  which 
there  seemed  to  be  no  general  interest  in  Red 
Cross  work,  although  chapters  had  been  estab- 
lished. A  field  secretary  of  the  Central  Divi- 
sion, after  visiting  a  chapter  in  one  of  Iowa's 
rural  communities,  reported  that  the  people 
there  ''did  not  seem  to  be  interested  in  any- 
thing but  corn  and  rain."  He  stated  that  he 
met  no  men  and  as  far  as  he  could  see  the 
chapter  ''was  a  womans  Red  Cross  Serving 
Society.  "i«i 

To  facilitate  the  formation  and  organization 
of  Red  Cross  chapters,  branches,  and  auxili- 
aries,   certain    plans    and    suggestions    as    to 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         67 

procedure  were  mapped  out  by  the  national, 
division,  and  State  Red  Cross  officials.  These 
plans  embodied  the  general  policies  regarding 
the  organization  and  operation  of  local  units. 
In  certain  cases  it  was  required  that  such  poli- 
cies be  strictly  adhered  to ;  in  others  they  were 
simply  offered  as  suggestions  which  did  not 
have  to  be  followed  in  full. 

For  the  most  part  those  organizing  the  chap- 
ters followed  the  plans  and  suggestions  fur- 
nished by  Red  Cross  officials,  and,  inspired  by 
the  proper  Red  Cross  spirit,  carried  forward 
the  work  with  few  difficulties.  They  settled 
matters  on  the  basis  of  the  greatest  good  to  the 
Red  Cross  and  cooperated  to  make  their  chap- 
ter a  success.  At  the  same  time  there  were 
some  exceptions :  serious  obstacles  were  encoun- 
tered in  some  places,  and  the  State  director  and 
Central  Division  representatives  were  not  in- 
frequently called  in  to  settle  difficulties.  In 
fact,  a  considerable  portion  of  the  time  of  State 
Director  Kepford  was  spent  in  dealing  with 
such  situations.  Only  by  noting  some  of  the 
problems  which  arose  can  one  secure  any  ade- 
quate idea  of  the  task  of  the  State  director. 

LACK   OF    CO-OPERATION 

Those  initiating  a  movement  to  form  a  chap- 
ter were  urged  to  include  in  their  organization 


68  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

the  representatives  of  all  the  chief  civic  ele- 
ments in  the  commnnity.  The  first  State  direc- 
tor, Mr.  Weaver,  early  emphasized  this  point  in 
the  instructions  he  sent  out  regarding  the 
formation  of  chapters.  One  of  the  circulars 
sent  from  his  office  reads : 

The  American  Red  Cross  is  not  a  physician's  soci- 
ety, nor  a  woman's  club  nor  a  nurse's  organization  but 
is  desirous  of  drawing-  to  its  support  the  many  phases 
of  the  city's  hfe  —  the  commercial  organizations,  the 
manufacturers,  physicians,  lawyers,  ministers,  repre- 
sentatives of  labor,  merchants,  the  G.  A.  R.,  women's 
clubs,  etc.,  etc.,  to  the  end  that  the  whole  organized 
life  of  the  district  may  have  a  real  interest  in  the 
American  Red  Cross.^^^ 

This  advice  was  at  times  ignored  in  starting 
Iowa  chapters,  and  some  that  were  organized 
did  not  by  any  means  represent  the  town  or 
county  as  a  whole.  Perhaps  in  some  instances 
this  was  due  to  a  failure  to  realize  the  impor- 
tance of  such  action,  but  in  others  it  evidently 
was  the  result  of  the  existence  of  local  factions, 
jealousies,  or  disputes.  The  result  usually  was 
misunderstanding,  hard  feeling,  and  a  decided 
lack  of  cooperation  in  Red  Cross  affairs. 

An  unusual  amount  of  difficulty  arose  in  one 
town  where  a  chapter  was  formed  with  only  a 
very  few  of  the  local  interests  represented.  As 
a  result  of  the  dissatisfaction  a  public  meeting 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         69 

was  called  in  wliicli  everyone  was  invited  to 
participate.  After  having  reached  an  under- 
standing with  the  first  group  that  it  would  sur- 
render its  charter,  a  new  chapter  was  formed, 
and  in  due  time  a  new  charter  was  issued  by 
the  Red  Cross.  Later  the  first  group  decided 
to  retain  its  charter,  claiming  to  be  the  author- 
ized Red  Cross  body  for  that  place.  The  result- 
ing dispute  continued  for  some  time  until  Red 
Cross  officials  ultimately  decided  that  the  last 
formed  chapter  should  continue  and  ordered  the 
first  to  surrender  its  charter  and  cease  all  oper- 
ations in  the  name  of  the  Red  Cross.  Such  a 
situation  could  not  help  but  result  in  great  in- 
jury to  the  cause  in  the  locality  concerned.^^^ 

Difficulties  of  a  somewhat  similar  nature  were 
experienced  in  another  town  of  the  same  county. 
Here  an  ''Independent  Society"  was  organized, 
and  without  affiliating  with  the  recognized  Red 
Cross  chapter  at  that  place  initiated  plans  of 
its  own  for  raising  money  and  making  sup- 
plies in  the  name  of  the  Red  Cross.  The  bitter 
dispute  which  ensued  did  not  end  until  the 
"Independent  Society"  was  ordered  by  District 
Attorney  F.  A.  O'Connor  to  cease  all  opera- 
tions carried  on  in  the  name  of  the  Red 
Cross.i«4 

Lack  of  cooperation  was  not  always  neces- 
sarily due  to  the  failure  to  include  all  civic 


70  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

interests  in  the  organization,  but  was  sometimes 
the  outcome  of  little  local  quarrels  and  jeal- 
ousies. While  these  differences  did  not  often 
result  in  any  big  split  in  the  community,  they 
nevertheless  had  the  effect  of  causing  individ- 
uals or  minor  groups  to  refuse  to  cooperate 
Yvdth  the  authorized  Red  Cross  chapter.  Thus 
a  "Navy  League"  and  a  '^ Surgical  Dressings 
Unit"  were  formed  in  one  Iowa  city  and  they 
set  out  to  do  work  like  that  done  by  the  Red 
Cross,  but  they  would  not  affiliate  with  the 
chapter.  One  of  the  organizations  finally  gave 
in  and  joined  with  the  Red  Cross,  but  the  other 
continued  to  go  its  own  way.^*'-^  A  woman  who 
had  been  serving  as  a  committee  chairman  for 
a  certain  county  chapter  resigned  when  she  was 
not  permitted  to  do  things  according  to  her  own 
wishes.  After  resigning  she  exerted  her  influ- 
ence to  get  others  to  quit  and  she  advised  some 
of  the  rural  communities  to  organize  branches 
to  work  separately  and  independently  of  the 
county  chapter.^^'*' 

In  another  place  the  State  director  found  it 
necessary  to  close  the  workroom  of  a  branch  of 
a  county  chapter  due  to  the  inability  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  locality  to  overcome  petty  differences. 
Regarding  his  action  in  this  case,  the  State 
director  wrote:  "These  people  are  in  a  local 
controversv  and  I  liave  deemed  it  advisable  to 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         71 

let  them  cool  off  a  while  before  they  begin  work 
again. ' '  ^^^"^ 

QUESTIONS  OP   JURISDICTION 

Each  chapter  upon  being  granted  a  charter 
was  assigned  a  certain  territory  over  which  it 
had  jurisdiction  and  within  which  it  was  re- 
sponsible for  the  organization  of  branches  and 
auxiliaries.  The  system  of  establishing  one 
chapter  in  each  county  with  headquarters  at  the 
county  seat  and  with  jurisdiction  over  the  en- 
tire county  was  preferred  by  the  Central  Divi- 
sion, the  purpose  being  to  keep  down  the 
number  of  chapters.  Since  the  chapters  had  to 
deal  directly  with  the  division  headquarters  it 
would  have  been  very  cumbersome  if  every  city 
and  village  had  been  given  its  own  chapter,  and 
the  task  of  supervising  such  a  great  number  of 
separate  chapters  would  have  involved  an  im- 
mense amount  of  work  and  expenditure  of 
funds.  At  the  same  time  the  establishment  of 
more  than  one  chapter  in  a  county  was  permit- 
ted where  competitive  conditions,  lack  of  rail- 
road facilities,  or  other  reasons  warranted  an 
exception  to  the  rule.^'^^ 

It  appears  that  the  question  of  jurisdiction 
was  one  that  was  likely  to  lead  to  trouble,  both 
in  its  original  determination  and  its  subsequent 
enforcement.      Clearlv    the   wish    of   the    Red 


72  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Cross  was  for  county  chapters  where  feasible; 
and  the  first  State  director,  Mr.  Weaver,  in 
printed  matter  sent  from  his  office  pointed  out 
the  advisability  of  organizing  chapters  on 
county  lines.  If  he  had  not  anticipated  the 
obstacles  that  would  be  met  in  enforcing  this 
suggestion,  he  must  have  had  them  impressed 
upon  him  very  emphatically  by  the  letters 
which  came  to  him  from  many  parts  of  the 
State :  there  seemed  to  be  no  limit  to  the  num- 
ber of  objections  that  could  be  raised  against 
such  an  arrangement.^*^^ 

It  is  not  surprising  that  many  towns  and  vil- 
lages should  have  wanted  their  own  individual 
chapter.  In  a  great  many  of  the  counties,  how- 
ever, the  persons  most  interested  were  quite 
willing  to  overlook  their  own  preferences  and 
do  whatever  the  Red  Cross  asked  of  them. 
Where  such  a  Red  Cross  spirit  prevailed,  coun- 
ty chapters  were  established  with  little  diffi- 
culty. But  there  were  other  counties  where  no 
such  spirit  dominated  and  where  opposition  to 
county  chapters  was  very  pronounced.  Sub- 
stantial reasons  for  such  opposition  sometimes 
existed ;  but  in  other  instances  it  was  the  result 
of  conditions  that  should  have  been  overlooked 
in  any  such  patriotic  endeavor  as  the  Red 
Cross. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  obstacle  to  the  forma- 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         73 

tion  of  county  chapters  was  the  rivalries  and 
even  hard  feelings  that  so  often  exist  between 
the  towns   of  a   particular  county.     In   Iowa 
where  there  are  small  towns  of  about  the  same 
size  and  importance  in  many  of  the  counties 
local   jealousies    are    sometimes    very    strong. 
Many  of  the  smaller  towns  could  not,  at  least 
not  without  a  protest,  stand  by  and  see  formed 
in  another  town  a  Red  Cross  chapter,  of  which 
all  other  such  organizations  in  the  same  county 
would  be  merely  branches.    If  one  town  secured 
a   chapter  that  was   sufficient  reason   for  the 
others  to  strive  for  the  same  recognition.    The 
proposal  to  locate  the  chapter  at  the  county 
seat  only  added  to  the  difficulty  in  many  places : 
indeed,  the  very  fact  that  a  town  is  the  county 
seat  is  likely  to  cause  it  to  be  all  the  more  en- 
vied by  other  towns  in  the  same  county.    The 
outgrowth  of  such  a  situation  was  a  feeling  that 
such  communities   could  not  unite   and  work 
harmoniously.    Not  only  was  there  sometimes 
opposition  to  becoming  a  branch  under  such 
circumstances,  but  towns  sometimes  hesitated 
to  take  a  charter  which  called  upon  them  to 
supervise  the  Red  Cross  work  in  rival  com- 
munities. 

Many  letters  relating  to  this  problem  were 
directed  to  Red  Cross  officials.  From  one  chap- 
ter chairman  came  the  statement  that  we  ' '  have 


74  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

formed  no  branch  chapters,  they  wanted  a  chap- 
ter at also  at ,  but  did  not  want  a 

branch,  and  we  have  no  objections  to  their 
having  a  chapter,  and  not  a  branch,  as  they 
have  a  little  local  pride  (which  is  alright)  and 
they  will  do  much  more  if  they  have  an  inde- 
pendent chapter  of  their  own."^^^ 

In  asking  that  the  jurisdiction  over  certain 
branches  be  given  to  his  chapter  instead  of  to 
another  chapter  in  the  same  county,  a  chapter 
representative  wrote:  "We  raised  by  far  the 
most  money  and  we  have  a  store  from  which 
they  buy  their  goods  and  are  better  prepared  to 
take  care  of  them  but  the  main  point  is  that,  as 
the  county  seat,  we  should  have  them.    We  do 

not  want  because  we  could  not  get 

along  with  the  people  up  there,  nor  they  with 
us."iii 

A  letter  from  a  village  located  in  a  county 
where  there  were  already  six  Red  Cross  chap- 
ters stated  that  this  place  was  trying  to  form  a 
chapter  of  its  own  and  thus  avoid  working 
under  the  other  town,  because  of  the  ''business 
friction"  which  existed  between  the  two.^^- 

Other  conditions  arose  which  made  it  appear 
illogical  to  establish  county  chapters  in  partic- 
ular instances.  More  natural  boundaries  were 
often  urged.  A  town  or  rural  community  was 
sometimes  located  in  one  county,  while  prac- 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         75 

tically  all  the  people  in  tliat  vicinity  went  to  a 
town  in  an  adjoining  county  for  all  matters 
of  business  or  pleasure.  In  such  cases  they 
naturally  felt  more  or  less  a  part  of  the  town 
with  which  they  had  intercourse.  In  other  Iowa 
counties  there  were  natural  boundaries  which 
practically  divided  the  counties  into  separate 
units,  so  far  as  any  intercourse  was  concerned. 

Again  railroad  connections  made  intercourse 
between  different  sections  of  the  same  counties 
very  unsatisfactory.  There  are  instances  where 
it  takes  longer  to  send  mail  between  two  towns 
in  the  same  county  than  it  takes  to  send  it  to 
Chicago  from  the  same  places.  Such  were  the 
situations  and  conditions  which  were  advanced 
as  reasons  for  opposing  the  county  plan  of 
organizing  Eed  Cross  chapters. 

Nor  did  jurisdictional  disputes  cease  after 
the  chapters  had  been  organized.  In  granting 
many  of  the  early  charters  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  chapter  was  not  made  definite,  which  later 
furnished  ground  for  disputes.  Even  where  the 
jurisdiction  of  chapters  had  been  definitely 
stated  contests  sometimes  arose,  and  occasion- 
ally the  State  director  changed  the  territories 
assigned  to  chapters  with  a  view  to  securing 
better  relations.  In  one  Iowa  county  where 
three  chapters  were  established  there  were  dis- 
putes from  the  beginning  as  to  their  jurisdic- 


76  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

tions.  One  chapter  would  insist  on  having  a 
particular  branch  under  its  control  and  another 
would  claim  it  as  being  in  its  assigned  territory. 
The  difficulties  were  augmented  by  the  desire  of 
branches  in  one  chapter  jurisdiction  to  work 
with  one  of  the  other  chapters  and  the  desire  of 
one  or  two  other  branches  to  have  a  chapter  of 
their  own.^^^ 

Not  infrequently  one  chapter  would  infringe 
upon  the  territory  of  another :  in  a  membership 
drive  or  in  a  campaign  for  funds  a  canvass 
would  be  made  by  one  chapter  in  territory  be- 
longing to  an  adjoining  chapter.  Hard  feeling 
was  usually  engendered  as  a  result  of  such 
actions.  A  few  chapters  even  allowed  branches 
of  other  chapters  to  work  through  them  instead 
of  through  the  parent  chapters. 

In  studying  the  jurisdiction  of  the  chapters 
established  in  Iowa  one  finds  that  in  a  great 
many  cases  county  lines  were  not  followed.  At 
the  time  when  Iowa  had  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
seven  authorized  chapters,  there  were  only 
fifty-seven  of  the  ninety-nine  counties  that  had 
but  one  chapter :  twenty-three  counties  had  two 
chapters  each;  ten  had  three  each;  one  had 
four;  one  had  five;  and  four  had  six  chapters 
each.  In  one  instance  three  counties  were 
united  into  a  single  chapter  —  Pottawattamie, 
Harrison,  and  Mills  counties  being  grouped  to- 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         77 
gether  with  the  chapter  headquarters  at  Coun- 

Although  starting  with  the  idea  of  forming 
county  chapters  wherever  practicable,  State  of- 
ficials seem  to  have  ended  a  long  way  from  that 
goal.  Once  exceptions  were  made  to  the  rule, 
the  more  difficult  it  became  to  abide  by  the  plan. 
With  two  chapters  in  one  county  it  was  hard  to 
convince  a  neighboring  county  that  it  should 
have  but  one.  And  with  two  chapters  in  a 
county  it  was  difficult  to  convince  other  toAvns  in 
the  same  county  that  there  could  not  just  as 
well  be  more.  The  result  was  the  organization 
of  a  great  number  of  chapters  in  Iowa,  many 
of  them  with  very  small  jurisdictions.  The  fact 
that  four  different  counties  each  had  six  chap- 
ters within  their  borders  means  that  almost 
every  town  of  any  size  in  these  counties  had 
its  own  chapter. 

It  does  not  appear  that  this  situation  made 
for  the  best  results :  a  great  deal  of  the  trouble 
over  jurisdictions  came  from  counties  with  two 
or  more  chapters.  Furthermore,  the  great 
number  of  chapters  added  materially  to  the 
work  of  the  State  and  Central  Division  repre- 
sentatives. The  success  with  which  many  of 
the  county  organizations  operated  shows  the 
feasibihty  of  that  system.  The  fact  that  the 
Council    Bluffs    chapter,    with    three    counties 


78  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

under  its  jurisdiction,  was  a  very  efficient  one 
shows  that  a  large  territory  could  be  managed 
by  a  well  organized  chapter.  Frederick  W. 
Stevens,  the  Michigan  State  director,  clung 
absolutely  to  the  county  plan  in  organizing  his 
State.  There  are  eighty-three  counties  in  Mich- 
igan and  eighty-three  county  chapters  were 
established.  There  were  a  few  exceptions  at 
the  beginning,  but  these  were  soon  eliminated. 
Mr.  Stevens  pointed  out,  however,  that  such 
procedure  might  not  have  been  practical  in 
every  State,  for  he  realized  that  geographical 
and  other  conditions  might  affect  the  situation. 
The  desirability  of  having  more  county  chap- 
ters in  Iowa  was  recognized  as  the  Red  Cross 
work  developed;  and  so  steps  were  eventually 
taken  to  consolidate  smaller  units  into  county 
chapters  as  rapidlj^  as  possible.  By  the  time 
the  armistice  Avas  signed  in  November,  1918, 
several  consolidations  had  taken  place.  During 
the  next  few  months  the  State  director  and 
Central  Division  workers  devoted  much  time  to 
this  problem.  By  the  end  of  June,  1919,  the 
one  hundred  and  sixty-seven  Iowa  chapters  had 
been  reduced  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight. 
The  process  of  consolidation,  however,  was  a 
very  slow  one,  for  many  of  the  chapters  were 
very  reluctant  to  surrender  their  charters  and 
reorganize.    Some  there  were  who  did  it  gladly, 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         79 

realizing  that  it  was  for  the  good  of  the  Bed 
Cross;  others  did  so  unwillingly;  and  some  re- 
fused outright  to  give  up  their  charters.  The 
result  was  that  in  a  few  instances  where  re- 
organization did  take  place,  it  resulted  in  ill 
feeling  and  a  lack  of  cooperation  under  the  new 
arrangement.^^® 

WORKING  ORGANIZATIONS  OF   LOCAL   UNITS 

As  a  means  of  assisting  the  chapters  in  build- 
ing up  a  working  organization  and  in  order  to 
assure  some  degree  of  uniformity,  plans  were 
formulated  by  the  Bureau  of  Development  of 
the  Central  Division  as  to  how  chapters  should 
be  constituted.  It  was  not  necessary  that  such 
plans  be  followed  precisely  in  all  particulars: 
each  community  was  free  to  adapt  the  general 
plan  to  its  own  particular  conditions. 

The  plan  suggested  by  the  Bureau  of  Devel- 
opment provided  for  a  board  of  directors  as  the 
governing  body  for  each  chapter.  It  recom- 
mended that  this  board  consist  of  from  twelve 
to  thirty-six  members,  ^\ith  a  partial  change 
each  year.  The  directors,  it  advised,  should  be 
elected  annually  by  the  chapter  members.  The 
officers  proposed  for  a  chapter  were  a  chair- 
man, a  vice  chairman,  a  secretary,  a  treasurer, 
and  an  executive  committee  of  from  five  to  nine 
members.    All  officers  and  the  executive  com- 


80  Ki^D  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

mittee  were  to  be  elected  by  the  board  of  direc- 
tors. Tlie  executive  committee  in  turn  was  to 
appoint  numerous  committees  to  take  charge  of 
the  various  branches  of  the  Eed  Cross  activ- 
ities carried  on  by  the  chapter.^^^ 

While  the  plan  included  the  naming  of  fifteen 
committees,  it  depended  largely  upon  the  size 
of  a  chapter  and  upon  local  conditions  as  to 
what  committees  were  necessary  or  desirable. 
The  committees  suggested  were  the  following: 
(1)  hospital  supplies  and  garments,  (2)  sur- 
gical dressings,  (3)  general  supplies,  knitting, 
and  similar  activities,  (4)  instruction  for  wom- 
en, (5)  finance,  (6)  membership,  (7)  organiza- 
tion of  branches  and  auxiliaries,  (8)  school 
auxiliaries,  (9)  first  aid,  (10)  cooperation,  (11) 
publicity,  (12)  canteen  service,  (13)  civilian  re- 
lief, (14)  warehousing  and  shipping,  and  (15) 
purchasing  and  distribution.  The  work  of  each 
of  these  committees  corresponded  to  a  particu- 
lar bureau  of  the  Central  Division  with  which 
it  cooperated. ^^'^ 

This  list  includes  the  committees  suggested 
early  in  the  period  of  Red  Cross  development. 
From  time  to  time  as  new  situations  arose  and 
the  need  for  other  committees  appeared,  chap- 
ters were  asked  to  appoint  them.  Thus,  during 
the  influenza  epidemic,  chapters  were  urged  to 
appoint  committees  to  aid  in  fighting  the  dis- 


DEVELOPMENT  OP  RED  CROSS         81 

ease  and  caring  for  the  victims.  Likewise, 
early  in  1918,  chapters  were  requested  to  name 
conservation  committees  to  coordinate  the  Red 
Cross  with  all  other  agencies  working  for  the 
conservation  of  food.^^^ 

While  it  is  true  that  various  types  of  organ- 
ization were  to  be  found  in  Iowa,  the  chapters 
and  branches  were  generally  organized  along 
the  lines  just  described  —  the  number  of  com- 
mittees varying  with  different  chapters  and 
branches,  depending  on  the  extent  of  their  work. 
There  were  a  few  communities  in  the  State 
which  developed  their  own  ideas  of  organiza- 
tion, some  of  which  proved  quite  successful. 

The  Iowa  City  chapter  with  jurisdiction  over 
Johnson  County  can  be  considered  as  fairly 
representative  of  many  of  the  Iowa  chapters, 
excepting  that  it  did  not  have  a  board  of  direc- 
tors. This  chapter  had  the  regular  officers, 
including  the  executive  committee  which  was 
the  governing  body.  Since  all  the  members  of 
the  executive  committee  were  women,  an  ad- 
visory board  made  up  of  three  men  was  created 
to  act  in  an  advisory  capacity  to  the  executive 
committee.  The  committees  which  were  orig- 
inally appointed  were:  (1)  hospital  supplies 
and  garments,  (2)  surgical  dressings,  (3)  knit- 
ting, (4)  refugee  garments,  (5)  finance,  (6) 
membership,  (7)  branches  and  auxiliaries,  (8) 

VOL.  I — 7 


82  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Junior  Red  Cross,  (9)  publicity,  (10)  canteen 
service,  (11)  home  service,  (12)  disaster  relief, 
(13)  nurses,  (14)  purchasing,  and  (15)  inspect- 
ing and  packing.^^^ 

The  Winneshiek  County  chapter,  with  head- 
quarters at  Decorah,  worked  out  a  system  of 
units  for  promoting  Red  Cross  work.  Here 
groups  composed  of  from  ten  to  fifteen  women 
were  organized  throughout  the  county.  Indeed, 
practically  all  women  in  the  county  who  were 
doing  Red  Cross  work  belonged  to  some  unit; 
and  all  work  was  handled  through  this  organ- 
ization. A  captain  was  given  command  of  each 
unit  through  whom  all  assignments  for  work 
were  made,  and  she  was  responsible  for  the 
work-hour  arrangement  of  her  group.  In  case 
a  Red  Cross  meeting  was  desired  everyone 
interested  could  be  quickly  notified  through  the 
group  captains.  The  system  produced  satis- 
factory results. ^-*^ 

BRANCHES  AND   AUXILIARIES 

Branches  and  auxiliaries  played  no  small 
part  in  the  Red  Cross  program.  Many  sugges- 
tions were  forwarded  to  chapters  for  their  guid- 
ance in  the  formation  and  conduct  of  these 
units.  Branches  were  really  miniature  chap- 
ters :  they  carried  on  the  same  work  as  the 
chapters  and  were  organized  \\dth  the  same  offi- 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         83 

cers  and  committees,  except  that  they  had  no 
board  of  directors.  Branches  could  and  should 
have  had  representatives  on  the  chapter  board 
of  directors.  As  a  part  of  the  chapter  the 
branch  was  supervised  by  the  chapter  —  a  rela- 
tionship that  was  likened  to  that  of  parent  and 
child.i-i 

The  branches  were  to  look  to  the  chapter  for 
all  directions:  they  were  not  to  communicate 
with  the  Central  Division,  as  all  branch  cor- 
respondence was  to  be  conducted  through  the 
chapters.  Any  information  needed  by  the 
branches  was  to  be  secured  from  the  chapter. 
Instructions  and  information  from  the  Central 
Division  were  sent  to  the  chapters  and  in  turn 
sent  by  them  to  the  branches.  It  w^as  an  obliga- 
tion of  the  branch  to  cooperate  with  its  chapter 
in  all  ways  possible  for  the  furtherance  of  the 
Red  Cross  cause.  On  the  other  hand,  the  chap- 
ters were  required  to  keep  in  close  touch  with 
the  branches  and  see  that  they  received  all  new 
orders  and  information  necessary  to  carry  on 
efficiently.  Complete  reports  of  all  branch 
activities  w^ere  to  be  made  to  the  chapters.^-- 

In  the  production  of  supplies,  chapters  were 
responsible  for  the  work  of  the  branches :  they 
assigned  quotas  and  were  charged  with  the 
supervision  of  branch  workers.  It  was  advised 
that  the  branches  ship  their  finished  goods  to 


84  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

their  chapter  headquarters  for  inspection  and 
reshipment.  Yet  it  was  permissible  for  the 
branches  to  ship  directly  to  Chicago  or  Des 
Moines  if  this  was  considered  advisable  and 
permission  to  do  so  had  been  granted  by  the 
chapter  concerned. ^-^ 

Concerning  questions  of  finance,  considerable 
leeway  was  given  the  chapters  and  branches  to 
make  their  own  arrangements.  The  branches 
could  turn  all  their  funds  into  the  chapter 
treasury  and  be  financed  by  the  chapter;  the 
branch  might  retain  all  its  funds  and  finance  its 
own  work;  or  an  intermediate  plan  could  be 
formulated.  This  was  a  matter  to  be  decided 
by  those  concerned.  In  any  case  complete  finan- 
cial reports  were  required  of  the  branches  by 
the  chapters. ^-^ 

Red  Cross  auxiliaries  did  not  play  as  large  a 
part  in  the  Eed  Cross  scheme  as  did  the 
branches.  The  latter  were  favored,  the  policy 
being  not  to  organize  auxiliaries  where  branch- 
es could  be  used.  Auxiliaries  could  be  formed 
by  either  chapters  or  branches.  Their  relation 
to  the  parent  organization  was  much  like  that 
of  the  branches  to  chapters,  since  they  were 
completely  under  the  control  of  the  chapter  or 
branch  authorizing  their  establishment.  No 
organization  could  carry  on  work  under  the 
name  of  a  Eed  Cross  auxiliarv  unless  sanctioned 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         85 

by  the  chapter  or  branch  in  that  jurisdiction.^^s 
It  appears  that  chapters  did  not  always  pro- 
ceed to  organize  branches  in  their  jurisdiction 
as  they  were  expected  to  do.  Frequently  they 
did  not  give  the  organization  and  operation  of 
branches  that  attention  w^hich  was  necessary  to 
get  them  to  function  efficiently.  State  Director 
Kepford  discovered  that  in  some  places,  al- 
though branches  had  been  established,  they  had 
never  been  properly  organized,  but  '4ike  Topsy, 
'just  growed'."^-'^ 

Sometimes  the  chapter  was  to  blame  for  such 
conditions ;  sometimes  it  was  the  fault  of  those 
in  the  branch  territory.  Chapters  there  were 
which  were  very  slow  to  take  any  steps  to  form 
branches.  On  the  other  hand,  even  when  some 
chapters  w^orked  enthusiastically  to  get  their 
whole  territory  lined  up  for  the  Red  Cross,  they 
had  difficulty  in  accomplishing  satisfactory  re- 
sults because  of  the  objection  of  some  communi- 
ties to  becoming  branch  organizations. 

It  depended  to  a  large  extent  upon  the  size  of 
a  chapter  jurisdiction  as  to  how  many  subsidi- 
ary units  were  formed.  Some  chapters  seemed 
to  favor  auxiliaries  rather  than  .branches,  but 
most  of  the  chapters  adhered  to  the  rule  of  using 
branches  wherever  possible.  The  auxiliaries 
established  by  some  chapters  in  smaller  towns 
and    villages    of    the    State    were    practically 


86  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

branches  and  functioned  as  branches.  Auxili- 
aries were  theoretically  only  temporary  organ- 
izations authorized  to  do  particular  kinds  of 
work.  In  Woodbury  County,  for  example, 
branches  were  established  in  the  various  towns 
of  the  county,  while  clubs  and  other  groups  in 
Sioux  City  formed  auxiliaries  to  do  special 
work.  Twenty-eight  such  auxiliaries  were 
authorized  in  Sioux  City.^^"^ 

The  extent  to  Avhich  these  minor  units  were 
used  may  be  briefly  indicated.  Council  Bluffs, 
with  a  jurisdiction  over  three  counties,  had 
about  forty  branches;  Marshall  and  Webster 
counties  had  twenty-three  each;  and  Wapello 
and  Plymouth  counties  had  twenty-one  each. 
None  of  these  chapters  had  a  large  number  of 
auxiliaries.  Waterloo,  on  the  other  hand,  had 
fifty-two  auxiharies  and  only  five  branches; 
Woodbury  County  had  forty  auxiharies  and 
fifteen  branches;  Mahaska  County  had  thirty- 
five  auxiliaries  and  sixteen  branches;  and 
Adams  County  had  eighteen  auxiliaries  and 
one  branch.  Among  the  smaller  chapters  are 
found  those  which  had  neither  a  branch  nor  an 
anxiliary.^-^ 

Once  organized  the  Iowa  chapters  and 
branches  did  not  always  find  themselves  in  per- 
fect harmony.  The  comparison  of  their  rela- 
tion to  that  of  a  parent  and  child  proved  too 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS         87 

true  in  more  than  one  respect.  The  children 
sometimes  misbehaved,  and  the  parents  were 
sometimes  guilty  of  negligence.  Chapter  offi- 
cials complained  that  their  branches  would  not 
follow  their  instructions  and  would  not  report 
to  them  as  required.  Branches  complained  that 
the  chapters  did  not  keep  them  posted  as  to  new 
instructions  and  orders  and  did  not  seem  to  be 
interested  in  branch  activities.  This  caused  the 
branches  to  try  to  go  over  the  head  of  the  chap- 
ter directly  to  the  State  director  or  Central 
Division. 

Unless  permission  was  granted  by  the  chap- 
ter to  branches  to  ship  their  finished  products 
directly,  they  were  required  to  send  them  to  the 
chapter.  Chapters  hesitated  as  a  rule  to  grant 
such  permission,  preferring  to  collect  all  the 
goods  and  inspect  them  so  as  to  be  sure  of  their 
quality.  There  were  instances  in  which  branch- 
es were  permitted  to  ship  directly  and,  as  a 
result  of  inferior  goods  sent  in  by  them,  a  chap- 
ter's  record  for  perfect  work  was  marred.  Yet 
the  branches  sometimes  felt  that  by  sending 
their  products  to  the  chapter,  the  branches  as 
such  w^ere  given  no  credit  for  the  work  at  Des 
Moines  or  Chicago.  This  thought  irritated 
them :  they  wanted  credit  for  what  they  did. 

Inspection  by  the  chapter  was  not  always 
satisfactory  to  the  branches.    When  a  chapter 


88  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

returned  certain  goods  to  a  branch  as  not  hav- 
ing passed  inspection,  the  latter  was  sometimes 
annoyed.  Too  often  there  was  a  feeling  that 
the  chapter  was  merely  trying  to  exert  its 
authority.  This  feeling  was  only  increased  by 
such  incidents  as  the  following.  An  Iowa 
branch  had  a  shipment  returned  from  its  chap- 
ter as  rejected.  The  branch  then  shipped  the 
same  directly  to  Des  Moines,  where  by  some 
misunderstanding  it  was  accepted,  although  the 
branch  did  not  have  permission  to  ship  directly ; 
and  this  same  shipment  which  had  been  rejected 
by  the  chapter  inspector  was  accepted  by  those 
at  the  Des  Moines  shipping  station.^-^ 

Another  opening  for  disagreement  was  af- 
forded by  the  practice  of  allowing  the  chapters 
and  branches  to  determine  their  own  financial 
policy.  Many  chapters  urged  the  branches  to 
turn  their  funds  into  the  chapter  treasury  and 
in  turn  be  financed  by  the  chapter  —  a  sugges- 
tion that  was  often  opposed  by  the  branches  on 
the  ground  that  money  raised  in  the  community 
should  be  retained  for  the  use  of  the  branch  and 
expended  as  it  should  see  fit.  Concerning  this 
problem  State  Director  Kepford  wrote :  "While 
branches  should  be  allowed  a  very  wide  margin 
of  individual  cooperation,  yet  branches  should 
feel  they  are  a  part  of  the  chapter  and  that 
funds  contributed  are  to  be  used  in  any  part  of 


DEVELOPMENT  OF  RED  CROSS  89 

the  jurisdiction,  if  deemed  necessary  by  the 
chapter  officials";  and  he  tells  of  an  instance 
where  a  chapter  had  a  number  of  branches. 
One  branch  was  located  in  a  village,  surrounded 
by  a  wealthy  community.  It  had  much  more 
money  than  the  workers  in  that  branch  could 
use.  Another  branch  was  composed  largely  of 
laboring  people.  There  were  many  women  to 
work,  but  they  lacked  funds.  The  chapter  offi- 
cials, by  taking  the  funds  of  the  one  branch  to 
buy  materials  for  the  workers  of  the  other, 
utilized  the  full  power  of  both  branches. ^^" 

A  method  which  was  adopted  in  a  few  places 
in  the  State  to  overcome  the  friction  between 
chapters  and  branches  may  be  illustrated  from 
Jones  County.  Here  ten  units,  practically  the 
same  in  general  make-up  as  branches,  were  cre- 
ated, one  in  each  populous  center.  The  county 
organization  was  set  up  separately  from  all  the 
units  and  was  merely  the  governing  body.  The 
county  headquarters  were  located  at  Anamosa, 
yet  Anamosa  had  a  unit  or  branch  the  same  as 
any  other  town  in  the  county.  Anamosa  was  on 
the  same  basis  as  the  smallest  village.  The 
chairman  of  this  chapter  in  commenting  on  the 
plan  said:  ''This  tends  to  strike  out  jealousy 
and  envy,  and  makes  all  units  and  all  workers 
feel  they  have  equal  place  in  offering  their  en- 
deavor and  in  making  sacrifice. "^^^ 


V 

Eed  Cross  Membership 

Any  citizen  or  resident  of  the  United  States  or 
its  dependencies  could  become  a  member  of  the 
American  National  Eed  Cross  by  the  payment 
of  the  required  dues,  the  amount  of  which  de- 
pended upon  the  class  of  membership  desired. 

CLASSES  OF   MEMBERSHIP 

There  were  six  classes  of  membership  pro- 
vided for  individuals  —  annual,  magazine,  con- 
tributing, sustaining,  life,  and  patron.  For  an 
annual  membership  the  dues  were  one  dollar; 
for  a  magazine  membership  which  entitled  one 
to  receive  The  Red  Cross  Magazine,  two  dollars 
was  the  fee.  Annual  dues  for  a  contributing 
member  were  five  dollars,  for  a  sustaining 
membership  ten  dollars.  For  a  life  member- 
ship the  fee  was  fifty  dollars;  w^hile  the  pay- 
ment of  one  hundred  dollars  made  one  a  patron 
of  the  American  Red  Cross.  Any  nurse  en- 
rolled in  the  Red  Cross  Nursing  Service  auto- 
matically became  a  Red  Cross  member  without 
the  payment  of  any  membership  fee.  Any  per- 
son who  had  rendered  specially  distinguished 

90 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  91 

service  miglit,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  those 
present  at  any  annual  meeting  of  the  General 
Board,  be  made  an  honorary  Eed  Cross  mem- 
ber.^"- 

In  addition  to  individual  memberships,  collec- 
tive memberships  were  established.  Charity 
organization  societies  could  become  institution- 
al members  of  the  Red  Cross  upon  the  approval 
of  the  Central  Committee.  Institutional  mem- 
bers were  for  the  most  part  charity  organiza- 
tion societies  of  the  large  cities,  and  they  served 
as  executive  agents  of  the  Red  Cross  in  their 
districts  in  case  of  disasters.  Their  services 
were  called  for  only  in  the  field  of  civilian  re- 
lief.^^-"^  State  or  Territorial  societies  of  nurses, 
or  similar  organizations  of  physicians  created 
for  Red  Cross  work,  if  accepted  by  the  Central 
Committee,  could  be  enrolled  as  members. 
Each  collective  membership  w^as  entitled  to  send 
a  delegate  to  meetings  of  the  General  Board.^^'' 

On  September  3,  1917,  the  plan  for  a  junior 
membership  was  adopted.  It  permitted  any 
public,  private,  or  parochial  school  in  the 
United  States,  or  its  dependencies,  to  join  the 
Junior  Red  Cross  and  become  a  Junior  Auxili- 
ary by  the  payment  of  dues  equal  to  twenty-five 
cents  for  each  pupil.  In  case  a  school  w^as  un- 
able to  make  the  payment  for  dues  it  could 
still  become   a   Junior  Auxiliary   of  the   Red 


92  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Cross  by  each  pupil's  giving  a  pledge  to  do 
earnest  and  faithful  work  for  the  Red  Cross. 
Every  boy  and  girl,  in  a  school  accepted  as  a 
Junior  Auxiliary,  automatically  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  American  Eed  Cross.^^^ 

EARLY  GROWTH  OP  MEMBERSHIP 

National  and  Central  Division. —  The  Amer- 
ican National  Eed  Cross,  in  1910,  had  approxi- 
mately 15,000  members.13'^  When  the  war  broke 
out  in  Europe  some  four  years  later  there  were 
only  about  16,000.i2^  j^  March,  1916,  the  mem- 
bership stood  at  27,000.138  At  that  time  a  cam- 
paign was  inaug-urated  to  raise  the  Red  Cross 
membership  to  1,000,000,  and  in  many  places 
satisfactory  results  were  secured.  In  ten  days 
Chicago  raised  its  membership  from  less  than 
1000  to  13,000  and  the  District  of  Columbia  in- 
creased its  membership  from  1000  to  TOOO-^^*^ 

The  goal  of  a  million  members  was  slow  in 
being  reached,  however,  and  by  the  middle  of 
May  the  membership  stood  at  only  75,000.1^^^ 
On  December  1,  1916,  there  were  286,400  Red 
Cross  members;  1^1  and  by  the  first  of  the  fol- 
lowing February,  just  before  diplomatic  rela- 
tions with  Germany  were  severed,  299,000 
persons  were  enrolled.^'^^  At  the  time  of  the 
creation  of  the  Red  Cross  AVar  Council  in  May, 
1917,  the  members  numbered  only  486,194.^^^ 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  93 

From  that  time  on,  however,  the  membership 
increased  rapidly.  lu  July,  1917,  there  were 
over  1,500,000  members.^^^  By  the  middle  of 
August  there  were  almost  3,500,000;^^'^  and  on 
November  1,  there  were  6,385,000.  At  this  time 
the  Central  Division  had  a  membership  of 
2,000,000,  almost  double  that  of  any  other  divi- 
sion. Next  to  the  Central  Division  came  the 
Atlantic  Division  with  1,011,000  members  and 
then  the  Lake  Division  with  834,000  members.^^^ 

loiva. —  There  were  few  Red  Cross  members 
in  Iowa  when  diplomatic  relations  were  broken 
with  Germany  in  February,  1917.  The  total 
membership  was  made  up  mostly  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  nine  Red  Cross  chapters  then  in 
existence  in  the  State,  none  of  which  had  any 
great  number  of  members.  But  about  this  time 
the  interest  in  Red  Cross  work  increased;  the 
number  of  chapters  grew ;  and  a  corresponding 
rise  took  place  in  the  membership. 

Des  Moines  was  among  the  first  to  stage  an 
enthusiastic  membership  campaign.  This  drive 
occurred  in  March,  1917.  To  begin  with  Des 
Moines  had  about  2000  members.  Those  back- 
ing the  campaign  proposed  to  increase  the  num- 
ber to  5000  and  thereby  make  the  Des  Moines 
chapter  the  largest  in  the  United  States  in 
proportion  to  the  population.^^"^     J.  J.  O'Con- 


94  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

nor  of  Cliicago  visited  Des  Moines  and  helped 
lay  plans  for  the  drive.^^^  W.  A.  Frost  of 
Buffalo,  New  York,  who  was  engaged  by  the 
national  organization  to  boost  the  Red  Cross 
membership,  spoke  in  the  city  at  the  beginning 
of  the  drive  and  w^as  followed  a  few  days  later 
by  G.  W.  Simmons  of  St.  Lonis,  vice  president 
of  the  Simmons  Hardware  Company,  Although 
Mr.  0  'Connor  was  to  have  been  on  hand  again 
to  lend  his  assistance  during  the  canvass,  he 
found  it  necessary  to  go  to  Indiana  and  admin- 
ister relief  to  a  storm  devastated  district.^^*^ 

The  canvass  for  members  was  scheduled  to 
begin  on  the  twelfth  of  March,  but  during  the 
first  week  the  only  work  was  that  done  in  the 
residence  district  where  approximately  $1600 
was  collected  in  membership  fees.^^*^  A  big 
mass  meeting  was  held  at  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce on  March  22nd.  Just  as  a  starter  for  a 
whirlwind  campaign  to  take  place  on  the  follow- 
ing Friday  and  Saturday,  business  men  present 
at  the  rally  pledged  over  1300  new  members. 
Charles  H.  Wacker,  head  of  the  Chicago  Plan- 
ning Commission,  addressed  the  meeting  on 
Red  Cross  work.^^^ 

John  P.  Wallace  was  general  chairman  and 
under  him  were  several  teams  of  workers,  with 
a  captain  in  charge  of  each.  Recruiting  sta- 
tions were  opened  in  twelve  of  the  downtown 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  95 

stores  and  girl  and  boy  scouts  put  in  charge. 
Adopting  the  slogan,  ''For  the  Service  of  Hu- 
manity", the  workers  set  out  to  make  a  thor- 
ough canvass  of  the  business  district.^^-  To 
create  interest  in  Red  Cross  work  the  boy 
scouts  demonstrated  first  aid  methods  on  the 
street  corners  and  in  the  windows  at  headquar- 
ters. Two  small  children,  a  girl  of  eleven  and 
a  boy  of  nine,  alternated  with  the  boy  scouts  in 
first  aid  demonstrations  at  the  latter  place. ^'^^ 

Specific  instances  may  be  given  to  indicate 
the  nature  of  the  campaign  and  the  results. 
One  group  of  workers,  soliciting  the  lumber 
yards  and  woodworking  establishments,  se- 
cured over  300  new  members  and  a  total  of  $800 
in  dues.  Included  in  the  list  was  a  life  member- 
ship at  $25  for  the  head  of  every  such  firm  in 
the  city.  Among  the  printers  and  publishers 
611  members  were  added,  practically  every 
establishment  registering  one  hundred  per 
cent.  The  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce  was 
responsible  for  nearly  150  members.  To  Hal 
Eay  fell  individual  honors,  he  having  added  390 
names  to  the  roll  and  $775  to  the  funds  of  the 
Red  Cross.i^^ 

The  result  of  the  two  days  activities  was 
summed  up  by  Mr.  Wallace.  ' '  Our  appeal  has 
been  answered  from  every  quarter.  The  work- 
ingman,   the  workingwoman,   the   big  man  in 


96  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

business,  the  clerks  in  the  store,  the  high  school 
boys  and  girls,  factory  employees,  printers, 
electrotypers,  the  automobile  men,  the  lumber- 
men and  woodworkers  —  in  short,  every  line  of 
business  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  has 
responded  to  our  call.  .  .  .  The  Red  Cross 
campaign  marks  a  new  era  for  our  city.  Des 
Moines  now  stands  first,  according  to  popula- 
tion, in  Red  Cross  membership."  The  goal  of 
5000  had  not  only  been  achieved  but  was  sur- 
passed by  more  than  1000  members. ^^^ 

After  the  Des  Moines  campaign  the  Red 
Cross  developed  rapidly  in  Iowa.  Numerous 
chapters  were  formed  and  many  membership 
campaigns  were  conducted.  Many  chapters 
with  a  considerable  membership  were  to  be 
found  early  in  May.  Among  these  were  Des 
Moines  with  8500,  Davenport  with  5000  and 
Cedar  Rapids  with  3500  members. ^^*^  By  the 
middle  of  June  almost  every  county  had  been 
through  a  membership  campaign,  and  over 
100,000  Red  Cross  members  were  to  be  found  in 
the  State.i" 

One  of  the  early  campaigns  was  carried  on 
in  Jones  County  by  the  county  chapter.  The 
following  letter  from  the  chapter  chairman  best 
describes  the  interesting  method  used : 

The  first  campaigns  were  all  conducted  through 
public    meetings.      No    matter   how    small    the    com- 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  97 

munity,  no  matter  how  small  the  assemblage,  no  mat- 
ter how  dismal  the  outlook,  the  meetings  were  always 
held  the  same.  The  spirit  is  Avhat  counts  and  here  in 
Jones  County  when  we  talk  Red  Cross  we  talk  as 
though  we  were  addressing  a  million  even  though 
there  be  but  two. 

Whenever  possible  we  avoid  the  churches,  keeping 
away  from  the  jealousies  which  sometimes  we  regret 
to  say  are  even  to  be  found  in  congregations.  This  is 
not  always  practical.  When  it  isn't,  the  proper  way 
is  to  bring  the  leaders  of  the  flocks  together  for  a 
union  meeting.  We  had  one  or  two  of  these  that 
were  large  in  results. 

The  only  sermon  that  I  ever  preached  was  at  a 
Sunday  morning  meeting  of  this  character  in  a  com- 
munity of  200  people,  and  125  men  and  women  hit 
the  Red  Cross  trail  for  mercy's  salvation  in  that 
meeting. 

The  best  method  of  advertising  these  meetings  is 
through  the  children.  Arrange  a  children's  program 
and  you  will  get  news  of  your  meeting  into  every 
home  in  the  community,  and  there  will  be  an  out- 
pouring to  see  the  children  carry  out  their  part  of 
the  work.     .     .     . 

Our  campaign  was  accomplished  in  a  systematic 
manner.  With  one  or  two  exceptions  the  speaking 
campaign  was  done  with  a  team  of  five.  These  were 
representative  men  in  the  county. 

W^e  had  one  who  was  a  good  story  teller  —  a  fellow 
to  get  the  crowd  out  of  its  stiffness.  We  had  one  to 
outline  the  financial  aspect  of  this  war,  and  the  finan- 

VOL.   I — 8 


98  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

cial  aspects  of  losses  by  bloodshed  and  possible  in- 
demnity. ...  "We  had  a  Spanish  war  veteran  to 
tell  some  of  the  things  for  which  the  boys  suffered  in 
that  campaign.  We  had  another  to  present  the  Red 
Cross  system  and  acquaint  people  with  its  aims  and 
work.  For  the  final  blow,  and  in  this  county  I  deliv- 
ered that  myself,  we  wound  up  with  a  militant, 
evangelistic  campaign  for  membership.  Always,  in 
every  meeting  there  was  stationed  first  a  man  at  the 
door  with  a  proper  blank.  We  never  let  any  guilty 
wretch  escape  without  a  chance  to  declare  himself. 
Others  were  always  chosen  in  plenty  for  the  canvass 
of  the  audience.  The  appeal  was  always  in  the  name 
of  humanity,  and  always  with  a  challenge  to  anyone 
to  give  a  single  reason  why  the  community  should  not 
have  Red  Cross  workers.  The  canvass  was  alwaj^s 
prefaced  with  a  demand  for  all  who  were  against  the 
establishment  of  Red  Cross  work  to  rise,  and  always 
with  an  order  for  all  who  were  for  it,  to  do  the  same. 
We  always  got  the  vote  and  we  always  got  the  mem- 
bers. 

This  part  of  the  campaign  netted  us  many  member- 
ships. It  was  pioneer  work.  It  was  followed  by 
active  work  in  soliciting  by  personal  canvass  —  house 
to  house,  or  in  similar  manner. 

On  July  17,  1917,  Jones  County  had  a  list  of  4000 
members.  ^^^ 

A  statewide  campaign  for  additional  mem- 
bers was  started  in  September,  1917.  Approxi- 
mately 200,000  members  were  then  on  the  roll; 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  99 

the  State  director  had  set  the  goal  at  500,000. 
Upon  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Kepford,  Mrs.  W.  L. 
Harding,  wife  of  the  Governor,  announced  that 
she  would  make  a  large  silk  American  flag  to 
be  presented  to  the  county  enrolling  the  largest 
per  cent  of  its  population.  The  response  from 
all  sections  of  the  State  was  prompt,  and  rapid 
increases  in  the  number  of  Red  Cross  members 
followed.^^*^ 

Adams  County  was  leading  in  the  contest  on 
October  1st,  with  29.5  per  cent  of  its  population 
enrolled.  Shelby  had  29  per  cent,  Plymouth  27 
per  cent,  Washington  26.5  per  cent,  Allamakee 
and  Calhoun  25.3  per  cent,  and  Lee  20  per  cent. 
There  were  nineteen  counties  with  a  standing 
of  15  per  cent  or  better.  A  month  later  Dickin- 
son County  was  on  top  with  a  mark  of  31  per 
cent;  while  iVdams,  Shelby,  Allamakee,  Wash- 
ington, and  Calhoun  were  all  above  25  per  cent. 
Thirty-seven  counties  had  now  passed  the  15 
per  cent  mark.  Based  on  reports  of  126  out  of 
the  164  chapters,  it  was  estimated  that  12  per 
cent  of  the  people  of  Iowa  were  enlisted  under 
the  Red  Cross  banner.^*"*^* 

December  1,  1917,  had  been  set  as  the  date 
for  closing  the  contest ;  but  before  this  date  was 
reached  plans  were  inaugurated  for  a  great 
nation-wide  drive  for  members  during  the 
Christmas  season.    Consequently  the  Iowa  cam- 


100  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

paign  was  extended  to  include  the  Red  Cross 
Christmas  Membership  Campaign.^^^ 

THE  CHRISTMAS  MEMBERSHH*  CAMPAIGN  IN    1917 

Toward  the  close  of  1917  the  Red  Cross  de- 
termined to  raise  its  membership  to  15,000,000, 
which  meant  that  it  would  be  necessary  to  add 
nearly  10,000,000  new  members.  At  a  confer- 
ence held  in  Washington,  at  which  representa- 
tives of  each  of  the  divisions  were  present,  the 
general  features  of  the  campaign  were  worked 
out.^^2  A  National  Membership  Campaign 
Committee  was  named  to  take  general  charge  of 
the  campaign  and  Theodore  N.  Vail,  President 
of  the  American  Telegraph  and  Telephone  Com- 
pany, accepted  the  chairmanship.  Dr.  H.  N. 
MacCracken,  President  of  Vassar  College,  was 
named  executive  secretary,  and  George  S. 
Fowler  became  business  manager.  The  other 
members  of  the  Committee  were  James 
Cardinal  Gibbons  of  Baltimore,  Bishop  William 
Lawrence  of  Boston,  Dr.  Henry  Van  Dyke  of 
Princeton,  Benjamin  Gratz  of  St.  Louis,  Hervey 
Lindley  of  Seattle,  John  W.  Britton  of  San 
Francisco,  John  P.  Mitchell  of  New  York,  B. 
Ban  Johnson  of  Chicago,  Henry  Watterson  of 
Louisville,  Kentucky,  Frank  N.  Doubleday  of 
Garden  City,  New  York,  Mrs.  William  G. 
McAdoo  of  Washington,  D.  C,  and  Mrs.  Finley 
J.  Shepard  of  New  York  City.^^^ 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  101 

It  was  decided  ''that  the  greatest  advantage 
would  come  to  the  Red  Cross  and  to  the  country 
from  linking  together  the  spirit  of  the  Red 
Cross  and  the  spirit  of  Christmas,  "i"-'  To  at- 
tain this  purpose  the  date  of  the  campaign  was 
set  for  the  week  before  Christmas.  Thus,  the 
first  Christmas  in  the  war  was  to  be  made  a  Red 
Cross  Christmas.  The  campaign  was  called  the 
Red  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign, 
and  the  national  committee  in  charge  became 
the  Red  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Cam- 
paign Committee.  Plans  for  conducting  the 
campaign  were  rapidly  developed,  the  idea  of 
the  Christmas  spirit  being  introduced  wherever 
possible. 

Adopting  the  slogan,  "Make  it  a  Red  Cross 
Christmas",  the  National  Committee  laid  plans 
to  accomplish  the  task  marked  out  for  it.  The 
primary  aim  of  the  campaign,  it  was  decreed, 
should  be  to  secure  annual  memberships,  al- 
though it  was  considered  desirable  to  secure  a 
subscribing  membership  in  as  many  households 
as  possible  in  order  to  have  The  Red  Cross 
Magazine  in  the  homes.  Persons  who  were  al- 
ready members  were  to  be  urged  to  renew  their 
enrollment  at  this  time,  so  as  to  make  all  mem- 
berships terminate  with  the  end  of  the  calendar 
year.  Everyone  was  urged  to  take  a  Christmas 
membership. 


102  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

An  increased  membership  was  not  the  only 
purpose  in  initiating  this  campaign:  the  Red 
Cross  desired  a  more  active  support  from  the 
general  public,  and  it  was  hoped  at  this  time  to 
turn  "passive  friends  into  active  workers." 
All  those  who  joined  the  Red  Cross  were  to  be 
made  to  feel  that  they  had  not  fulfilled  their 
full  duty  by  merely  paying  their  dues :  the  Red 
Cross  wanted  to  win  the  real,  live,  active  sup- 
port of  every  member.^^^ 

The  scheme  of  organization  adopted  for  the 
campaign  provided  for  a  committee  in  each 
division  similar  to  the  National  Red  Cross 
Membership  Campaign  Committee.  The  divi- 
sional committees  were  to  look  to  the  national 
body  for  the  determination  of  general  methods 
and  policies;  it  then  became  the  function  of 
these  committees  to  interpret  the  policy  of  the 
campaign  to  the  chapters  in  their  district  and 
to  guide  them  during  its  progress. ^"^ 

As  a  suggestion  for  local  chapters  the  follow- 
ing plan  was  proposed  by  the  national  com- 
mittee. Each  chapter  chairman,  with  the 
consent  of  the  executive  committee,  should 
appoint  a  campaign  manager  to  have  entire 
charge  of  the  campaign.  The  campaign  man- 
ager should  then  appoint  a  Christmas  member- 
ship committee,  including  the  most  prominent 
persons,  both  men  and  women,  in  the  chapter 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  103 

territory.  From  the  larger  committee  the  cam- 
paign manager  should  select  a  committee  of 
five,  of  which  he  himself  would  be  the  chairman, 
to  aid  him  in  the  actual  conduct  of  the  cam- 
paign. This  committee  was  to  be  made  respon- 
sible for  the  approval  of  expenditures,  plans, 
and  financial  matters,  and  for  the  supervision 
and  stimulation  of  the  campaigners. ^^'^ 

The  plan  also  provided  that  the  campaign 
manager  should  appoint  a  publicity  committee, 
a  treasurer  (if  advisable  to  secure  someone  in 
addition  to  the  regular  treasurer),  and  a  speak- 
ers' bureau.  An  office  manager  (a  volunteer  if 
possible)  was  to  be  secured  to  take  charge  of 
the  office  and  supervise  the  stenographic  and 
clerical  w^ork.  A  further  suggestion  was  that  it 
would  be  advisable  to  have  a  citizens '  committee 
composed  of  a  large  number  of  prominent  peo- 
ple, who  w^ould  constitute  the  active  enrolling 
force  during  the  campaign.  Included  in  the 
membership  of  the  citizens'  committee  should 
be  persons  whose  names  might  add  prestige  to 
the  organization  and  persons  representing  all 
the  various  activities  in  the  district.  The  com- 
mittee ought  to  include  all  interests  and  might 
well  be  a  large  committee,  as  it  would  furnish  a 
means  of  publicity  and  a  supply  of  interested 
people  to  use  upon  the  enrollment  commit- 
tees.^*^^ 


104  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

This  outline  of  organization  was  suggested 
by  the  National  Christmas  Campaign  Com- 
mittee in  order  to  help  the  chapters,  but  the 
chapters  were  under  no  obligation  to  follow 
these  suggestions.  In  fact,  it  was  fully  realized 
that  no  set  of  instructions  could  take  the  place 
of  the  energy,  experience,  and  imagination  of 
those  in  the  local  organizations.  Directions  to 
the  local  chapters  stated  that  any  suggestions 
made  were  "intended  to  augment  and  not  sup- 
plant chapter  initiative.  "^^^ 

To  assist  chapters  in  the  actual  canvass  for 
members  several  plans  of  procedure  were  out- 
lined, and  they  were  left  to  choose  those  best 
suited  to  their  territory.  Ten  plans  in  all  were 
outlined,  by  which  it  was  aimed  to  reach  all 
classes  and  groups  in  any  community.  It  was 
thought  that  in  some  communities  several  of 
the  plans  might  be  used,  while  in  other  places 
those  in  charge  of  the  campaigm  might  prefer 
to  rely  upon  plans  of  their  own  making.  A  sep- 
arate committee  was  to  be  appointed  from  the 
citizens'  committee  to  carry  out  each  of  the 
plans  selected  by  the  chapter  for  use.^"*^ 

The  plans  recommended  by  the  national  com- 
mittee may  be  briefly  distinguished  as  follows : 

Plan  No.  1.  To  cover  the  solicitation  of  State, 
city,  and  county  employees. 

Plan  No.  2.     To  cover  the  mercantile  inter- 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  105 

ests,  the  wholesale  and  retail  grocery  trade,  the 
drug  trade,  etc.  The  amusement  interests,  real 
estate  offices,  and  other  forms  of  trade  organ- 
ized for  the  most  part  by  communities. 

Plan  No.  3.  To  cover  the  manufacturing  in- 
terests, contractors,  the  department  stores,  the 
railroads,  public  utilities,  and  other  large  em- 
ployers of  labor. 

Plan  No.  4.  To  cover  the  banking  and  broker- 
age houses,  the  insurance  companies,  importers, 
selling  agents,  and  other  commercial  interests, 
concentrated  for  the  most  part  into  sections. 

Plan  No.  5.  To  cover  public  and  private 
schools  and  colleges. 

Plan  No.  6.  To  cover  professional  interests, 
physicians,  dentists,  nurses,  lawyers,  and  engi- 
neers. 

Plan  No.  7.  To  cover  clubs,  fraternal  soci- 
eties and  certain  laboring  groups  of  small  com- 
munities such  as  typographical  unions,  etc. 

Plan  No.  8.  To  cover  the  plans  for  handling 
of  enrollment  booths,  and  for  special  solicita- 
tions such  as  churches,  entertainments,  etc.,  not 
specifically  covered  by  some  other  committee. 

Plan  No.  9.  To  cover  the  divisioning  of  the 
community  for  neighborhood  canvass,  including 
foreign  speaking  communities  and  small  com- 
munities tributary  to  the  larger  centers  in  which 
the  chapter  proper  is  located. 


106  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Plan  No.  10.  To  cover  the  canvass  of  the 
rural  sections. ^"^^ 

Very  extensive  preparations  were  made  by 
the  national  committee  to  bring  the  campaign 
and  its  purposes  to  the  attention  of  the  general 
public.  Posters,  pamphlets,  cards,  and  other 
forms  of  publicity  matter  were  forwarded  to 
the  division  headquarters  and  thence  to  the 
chapters,  w^ho  were  urged  to  secure  the  best 
possible  distribution  and  display  for  the  same. 
Special  Red  Cross  moving  pictures  were  se- 
cured, some  of  which  were  run  in  all  theatres, 
and  others  that  could  be  borrowed  by  chapters 
for  their  own  use.  It  was  arranged  to  have  the 
Four  Minute  Men  emphasize  the  Red  Cross 
drive  from  December  15th  until  the  close  of  the 
campaign.  Many  magazines  with  a  national 
circulation  agreed  to  give  free  advertising 
space  to  the  Red  Cross  for  the  Christmas  Cam- 
paign. The  list  of  magazines  donating  space 
included  those  covering  many  fields  —  educa- 
tional, humorous,  juvenile,  religious,  scientific, 
and  social  —  and  had  a  circulation  of  approxi- 
mately seventeen  millions.^"- 

A  publicity  campaign  was  likewise  outlined 
for  the  chapter  publicity  committee  to  carry  out 
in  conjunction  with  the  national  campaign. 
Arrangements  were  to  be  made  with  local  mer- 
chants  for  window   displays   showing  articles 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  107 

produced  by  the  Red  Cross.  Proofs  of  several 
advertisements  were  prepared  by  the  national 
committee  and  were  sent  to  the  chapters,  which 
were  urged  to  have  local  advertisers  donate 
their  space  on  certain  days.  The  mayor  was  to 
be  asked  to  issue  a  proclamation  on  the  opening 
day  of  the  drive  and  to  raise  the  Red  Cross  flag 
over  the  municipal  building.  Local  speakers' 
bureaus  were  asked  to  secure  a  record  of  all 
public  meetings,  benefits,  and  theatrical  per- 
formances, and  make  arrangements  to  have 
them  addressed  by  Red  Cross  speakers.  The 
bureaus  were  also  to  arrange  for  a  Red  Cross 
sermon  in  every  church  on  December  23rd.^'^^ 

A  suggestion  for  a  schedule  of  events  during 
the  days  of  the  campaign  was  also  drawn  up  by 
the  national  committee  and  put  into  the  hands 
of  chapter  officials.  This  suggested  schedule, 
covering  the  days  from  December  17th  until 
Christmas  was  as  follows : 

Monday,  December  17. —  Publication  of  Governor's 
Proclamation  arranged  by  Division  Offices.  Public 
statement  by  the  Chapter  Chairman  and  by  the  Com- 
manding Officer  of  any  army  or  navy  post  within  the 
district. 

Tuesday,  December  18. —  Civil  Employees'  Day. 
Proclamation  by  the  mayor.  Raising  of  Red  Cross 
Flag  on  the  principal  municipal  building  —  to  be  dis- 
played throughout  the  campaign. 


108  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Wednesday,  December  19. —  Women's  Day,  on 
■which  special  tribute  should  be  paid  to  the  work  which 
women  are  doing  in  the  Red  Cross.  Meetings  of  local 
women 's  organizations.  Special  exercises  in  workroom, 
etc.    Peak  of  the  House  to  House  Canvass. 

Thursday,  December  20. —  School  Day,  on  which 
every  teacher  will  speak  on  the  significance  of  the  Red 
Cross  and  upon  the  significance  of  the  Christmas  cere- 
mony. 

Friday,  December  21. —  Employees'  Day,  on  which 
special  tribute  should  be  paid  to  the  support  which  the 
laboring  man  is  giving  to  the  Red  Cross.  Concentrate 
on  certain  large  factories  on  this  day  with  speeches, 
solicitations,  etc. 

Saturday,  December  22. —  Boy  Scouts'  Day,  on 
which  Boy  Scouts  will  be  organized  for  canvass  for 
membership. 

Sunday,  December  23. —  Church  Day,  on  which 
Christmas  sermons  on  the  Red  Cross  will  be  preached 
in  every  church. 

Monday,  December  24. —  Red  Cross  Christmas 
Ceremony  Day.^'^'* 

The  Eed  Cross  Christmas  ceremony  was 
planned  as  an  appropriate  close  for  the  Christ- 
mas Membership  Campaign.  During  the  cam- 
paign each  member  was  to  be  given  a  Red  Cross 
service  flag  to  be  placed  in  the  window.  On 
Christmas  Eve  at  7 :30  a  candle  was  to  be  placed 
behind  each  of  these  service  flags  so  that  expres- 
sion might  be  given  to  ' '  the  universal  aspect  of 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  109 

the  Red  Cross."  In  addition  it  was  suggested 
that  local  committees  arrange  with  the  churches 
to  chime  their  bells  at  7:30  and  at  half-hour 
intervals  until  9:00  o'clock,  the  time  set  for  the 
end  of  the  ceremony.  As  a  further  means  of 
lending  beauty  and  significance  to  this  cere- 
mony, it  was  planned  that  in  each  community 
Eed  Cross  workers  should  be  organized  into 
groups  to  proceed  through  each  neighborhood 
singing  Christmas  carols.  Due  to  the  fire  haz- 
ard involved  in  placing  candles  behind  the  "Red 
Cross  service  flags,  directions  were  later  sent 
out  from  headquarters  for  chapters  to  discour- 
age the  use  of  candles  for  this  purpose.  Other 
means  of  lighting  the  service  flag  were  sug- 
gested so  that  the  Christmas  Eve  ceremony 
might  be  carried  out.^"^ 

The  Campaign  in  loiva. —  A  Christmas  Mem- 
bership Drive  Committee  was  appointed  by  the 
Central  Division  to  conduct  the  campaign  in 
this  district.  Lewis  N.  Wiggins,  assistant  man- 
ager of  the  Central  Division,  was  made  the 
campaign  manager.  In  each  State  a  member- 
ship committee  was  also  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  the  State  drive.  John  P.  Wallace  of 
Des  Moines  was  chairman  of  the  membership 
committee  for  Iowa.  The  State  was  divided 
into  fifteen  districts,  and  one  person  was  ap- 


110  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

pointed  from  each  to  serve  on  the  State  com- 
mittee and  supervise  his  district.  In  addition 
to  the  State  organization,  each  chapter  was 
asked  to  name  a  committee  to  manage  the  cam- 
paign in  its  local  district.^"^*^ 

Prior  to  the  opening  of  the  campaign,  the 
National  Membership  Campaign  Committee  as- 
signed to  each  division  a  certain  quota  of  mem- 
bers to  be  secured.  The  size  of  the  quota  for 
each  was  based  upon  the  population  of  the 
division  and  the  number  of  members  already 
enrolled.  The  quota  assigned  to  the  Central 
Division  was  1,189,000  new  members.  As  there 
were  2,000,000  members  enrolled  in  this  division 
at  the  opening  of  the  drive  it  meant  that  there 
would  be  a  total  of  3,189,000  Eed  Cross  members 
in  the  Central  Division  if  the  quota  was  filled. 
The  population  of  the  Central  Di\dsion  was  the 
largest  of  any  of  the  divisions,  but  since  the  Red 
Cross  membership  was  about  twice  that  of  any 
other  when  the  campaign  was  inaugurated,  its 
quota  for  the  Christmas  Campaign  was  not  as 
large  as  that  assigned  to  some  of  the  other 
divisions. ^"^"^ 

The  Central  Division  in  turn  assigned  a  quota 
to  each  of  the  five  States  within  its  jurisdiction. 
For  Iowa  the  quota  was  set  at  350,000  new  mem- 
bers. Quotas  for  each  county  and  city  in  Iowa 
were  determined  bv  the  State  chairman  of  the 


EED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  HI 

campaign,  and  the  chapters  fixed  the  quotas  for 
their  own  branches  and  auxiliaries. ^"^^ 

To  draw  public  attention  to  this  membership 
campaign  the  following  proclamation  was  issued 
by  President  Wilson : 

Ten  million  Americans  are  invited  to  join  the 
American  Red  Cross  during  the  week  ending  with 
Christmas  Eve.  The  times  require  that  every  branch 
of  our  great  national  effort  shall  be  loyally  upheld  and 
it  is  peculiarly  fitting  that  at  Christmas  season  the 
Red  Cross  should  be  the  branch  through  which  your 
willingness  to  help  is  expressed. 

You  should  join  the  American  Red  Cross  because  it 
alone  can  carry  the  pledges  of  Christmas  good-will 
to  those  who  are  bearing  for  us  the  real  burdens  of 
the  world  war  both  in  our  Army  and  Navy  and  in 
the  nations  upon  whose  territory  the  issues  of  the 
world  war  are  being  fought  out.  Your  evidence  of 
faith  in  this  work  is  necessary  for  their  heartening 
and  cheer. 

You  should  join  the  Red  Cross  because  this  arm  of 
the  National  Service  is  steadfastly  and  efficiently 
maintaining  the  overseas  relief  in  every  suffering 
land,  administering  our  millions  wisely  and  well  and 
awakening  the  gratitude  of  every  people. 

Our  conscience  will  not  let  us  enjoy  the  Christmas 
season  if  this  pledge  of  support  to  our  cause  and  the 
world's  weal  is  left  unfulfilled.  Red  Cross  member- 
ship is  the  Christmas  spirit  in  terms  of  action. ^"^^ 

Governor  Harding  also  issued  a  proclamation 


112  EED  CROSS  IN  lOAVA 

designating  the  period  from  December  16th  to 
December  25th  as  Red  Cross  Week.  He  urged 
the  people  of  Iowa  to  respond  to  the  call  for 
members  and  emphasized  several  reasons  why 
every  one  should  support  the  cause. ^^"^ 

In  arranging  for  their  local  membership  cam- 
paigns the  towns  and  counties  in  Iowa  adopted 
various  schemes  of  procedure.  The  display  of 
cards,  posters,  and  service  flags  was  general 
throughout  the  State.  Service  flags  were  given 
to  all  members,  who  were  urged  to  display  them 
in  the  window.  Additional  small  crosses  were 
provided  to  be  pasted  on  the  service  flag  for 
each  Red  Cross  member  in  the  home  or  estab- 
lishment. In  case  all  persons  in  any  home  or 
business  establishment  were  Red  Cross  mem- 
bers a  one  hundred  per  cent  card  was  given  to 
be  attached  to  the  Red  Cross  service  flag.  News- 
paper advertisements  were  used  freely  in  many 
communities.  In  a  majority  of  the  larger 
towns,  booths  were  operated  at  prominent  pub- 
lic places  to  take  membership  subscriptions. 
Those  in  charge  of  the  local  campaigns  were 
sometimes  special  committees,  sometimes  the 
regular  membership  committee,  and  in  other 
cases  individuals  were  named  to  supervise  the 
conduct  of  the  drive.  Although  different  meth- 
ods of  procedure  were  evolved,  the  plan  of  dis- 
tricting the  territory  to  be  canvassed  and  the 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  113 

appointment  of  teams  to  do  the  soliciting  was 
commonly  relied  upon. 

At  Fort  Dodge  the  membership  drive  was 
organized  long  before  the  day  named  for  its 
execution.  The  plan  contemplated  a  whirlwind 
house  to  house  canvass  on  Sunday,  December 
16th,  from  two  o'clock  until  six  o'clock.  The 
city  was  divided  into  thirty-two  districts  and  a 
captain  named  for  each.  The  districts  were  in 
turn  divided  and  alloted  to  some  five  hundred 
workers  who  undertook  the  actual  solicitation 
of  members.  A  house  centrally  located  was 
chosen  in  each  district  as  headquarters  for  that 
division,  so  that  the  workers  might  report  there 
occasionally  and  thus  keep  in  touch  with  the 
progress  of  the  whole  section. 

At  the  appointed  hour  on  Sunday  the  drive 
was  opened  with  the  blowing  of  whistles  and 
ringing  of  bells.  As  a  result  of  the  four  hours 
campaign  there  were  5336  members  enrolled  in 
Fort  Dodge.  This  was  not  a  sufficient  number, 
however,  to  reach  the  quota  assigned,  and  the 
campaign  was  continued  through  the  week.  It 
was  brought  to  a  formal  close  on  Saturday, 
December  22nd,  with  a  big  Red  Cross  parade. 
By  December  31st,  there  had  been  7071  members 
enrolled  in  Fort  Dodge  and  7000  in  the  remain- 
der of  the  county.^^^ 

The  Sioux  City  campaign  was  started  early 

VOL.  I — 9 


114  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

and  was  well  under  way  by  the  second  week  in 
December.  The  executive  committee  of  the 
Sioux  City  chapter  entrusted  the  responsibility 
for  the  drive  to  the  high  school  students,  be- 
cause of  their  previous  success  in  the  Y.  M. 
C.  A.  fund  campaign.  Two  high  school  clubs, 
one  of  girls  and  one  of  boys,  assumed  charge  of 
the  arrangements.  Twenty  teams  of  ten  mem- 
bers each  were  selected,  there  being  ten  teams 
each  of  boys  and  girls.  The  city  was  divided 
into  districts  and  plans  made  for  a  house  to 
house  canvass. 

A  team  of  boys  and  one  of  girls  worked  to- 
gether and  prizes  were  donated  by  business  men 
to  go  to  the  winning  combination.  The  student 
canvassers  met  with  much  success.  Many  of  the 
large  firms  of  the  city  became  one  hundred  per 
cent  early  in  the  drive  and  the  high  school  itself 
secured  a  hundred  per  cent  membership  before 
the  campaign  was  over.  Even  among  the  for- 
eig-n  population  the  response  was  very  encour- 
aging. 

Booths  were  opened  in  many  of  the  down  town 
stores,  and  memberships  secured  there  were 
credited  to  the  district  in  which  the  person  join- 
ing happened  to  live.  On  December  16th  the 
students  appeared  in  the  churches  to  explain  the 
campaign  and  solicit  members.  During  the  last 
days  of  the  drive  the  teams  were  allowed  to 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  115 

"run  loose"  and  permitted  to  work  in  whatever 
territory  they  desired. 

The  contest  between  the  teams  reached  a  high 
tension  and  added  great  interest  to  the  work. 
The  campaign  was  closed  with  a  banquet  and 
dance  for  the  teams,  the  expense  being  borne 
personally  by  members  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee. The  goal  had  been  set  at  12,000  mem- 
bers for  the  city.  When  the  final  results  were 
made  known  there  were  13,755  new  names  upon 
the  Red  Cross  roll,  of  which  2493  had  been  se- 
cured by  the  winning  team.^^^ 

In  Dubuque  and  in  Dubuque  County  the  cam- 
paign was  conducted  largely  through  the  agency 
of  the  churches.  On  the  opening  Sunday,  De- 
cember 16th,  Red  Cross  sermons  were  delivered 
in  the  churches,  followed  by  a  call  for  Red  Cross 
membership  subscriptions.  In  the  afternoon 
members  of  the  churches  went  out  and  solicited 
all  members  who  had  not  been  at  the  morning 
service.  The  Boy  Scouts  were  also  called  into 
service  to  distribute  Red  Cross  literature  and 
make  a  house  to  house  canvass  for  members. 
Booths  were  opened  in  the  stores  of  the  city,  but 
memberships  secured  in  that  way, -as  well  as 
those  secured  by  the  Boy  Scouts,  were  credited 
to  the  subscriber's  church  if  so  desired.^^^ 

At  Clinton  the  drive  did  not  commence  until 
Thursday,   December   20th.     An   organization 


116  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

meeting  was  lield  on  the  ISth,  the  city  was 
divided  into  sections,  and  leaders  were  named 
to  supervise  each  section  and  to  secure  assist- 
ants to  aid  in  the  canvass  for  members. ^^^ 
Lyons,  in  the  same  county,  organized  on 
Wednesday,  December  19th.  The  town  was 
divided  into  four  districts  and  plans  were  laid 
to  call  on  every  family  between  one  o  'clock  and 
six  o'clock  on  the  following  Sunday.^*-^ 

Teams  of  women  representing  all  sections  of 
the  city  conducted  the  drive  for  members  in 
Waterloo.  Booths  were  also  used  in  many  of 
the  prominent  places  in  the  city.  A  week  was 
spent  in  personal  solicitation  for  members,  but 
the  progress  made  was  rather  slow.^^° 

The  campaign  in  Des  Moines  was  under  the 
direction  of  Field  Marshal  J.  B.  Weaver. 
Twenty-four  teams  of  men,  each  having  a  cap- 
tain, were  divided  into  three  divisions  of  eight 
teams  each.  Each  di^n^sion  was  in  charge  of  a 
commander.  A  fourth  division  was  composed 
of  the  women  who  were  active  in  the  campaign. 
The  city  was  districted  and  each  team  was  as- 
signed a  definite  territory.  During  the  closing 
days  of  the  drive  the  city  was  redistricted  and 
each  team  drew  a  new  section  by  lot. 

On  Sunday,  December  16th,  Red  Cross  ser- 
vices were  conducted  in  all  the  churches  of  Des 
Moines,  and  on  the  following  Sunday,  although 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  117 

the  quota  of  25,000  members  had  been  reached, 
a  territorial  division  of  Des  Moines  was  made 
with  the  seventy-five  churches  as  centers.  In 
the  morning  the  workers  spoke  in  the  churches 
explaining  the  purpose  of  the  campaign  and 
urging  people  to  join.  Church  members  were 
also  called  upon  to  aid  in  canvassing  their  dis- 
tricts during  the  afternoon.  The  result  of  the 
Des  Moines  campaign  was  a  great  success:  by 
Christmas  Day,  38,350  new  members  had  been 
secured  for  the  Red  Cross.^^'^ 

Burlington  was  another  place  in  which  an 
enthusiastic  campaig-n  was  conducted.  A  com- 
mittee was  named  to  oversee  the  drive  in  each 
of  the  seven  wards  of  the  city.  Additional  com- 
mittees on  manufacturers  and  wholesalers,  re- 
tailers, doctors  and  dentists,  lawyers  and 
insurance  men,  bankers,  churches,  and  booths 
were  created.  The  ministers  were  all  asked  to 
announce  the  Red  Cross  campaign  on  Sunday, 
December  16th ;  and  the  mayor  of  the  city  issued 
a  proclamation.  Wednesday,  December  19th, 
was  designated  as  Honor  Day.  On  that  day  all 
who  voluntarily  took  out  a  Red  Cross  member- 
ship had  their  names  placed  upon  the  Honor 
Roll.  One  thousand  subscriptions  were  secured 
in  this  manner. 

The  Rotary  Club  organized  twenty-one  teams 
of  three  men  each  and  canvassed  the  business 


118  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

districts.  A  Red  Cross  parade  was  held  on 
Friday  night.  A  band  was  engaged  to  lead  the 
procession  which  included  the  Burlington  Re- 
serves, nearly  two  hundred  strong,  the  Boy 
Scouts,  a  drum  corps,  school  children,  and  Red 
Cross  members  and  workers.  At  the  close  of 
the  parade  open  air  speeches  were  made  in  the 
interest  of  the  membership  drive.^*^ 

After  several  days  of  active  work  the  enthusi- 
asm at  Burlington  still  continued,  and  the  fol- 
lo^\T.ng  announcement  was  made  on  December 
23rd: 

After  five  days  of  preparation,  the  order  for  the 
general  assault  will  be  given  this  morning  by  Field 
MarshaU  Hirscli  and,  unless  old  General  Indifference, 
with  his  field  leaders,  General  Inhumanity,  General 
Donteare,  General  Selfishness  and  Colonel  Unamer- 
ican,  are  more  strongly  intrenched  than  is  now  be- 
lieved, they  and  their  forces  will  be  pushed  clear  off 
the  map  and  the  great  American  Red  Cross  army  will 
sweep  on  to  victory. 

IMonday  will  be  used  to  go  over  the  ground,  con- 
solidate the  gains  and,  when  Santa  Claus  reaches  the 
Des  Moines  County  .battle  field  on  his  nocturnal  visit, 
his  great  heart  will  swell  with  pride  as  he  sees  home 
after  home,  store,  office,  factory  and  mill  displaying 
the  service  flag  of  mercy  and  loyalty.  While  "over 
there"  and  in  camp  the  Christmas  message  will  be 
sent,  "We're  back  of  you  boys;  we'll  take  care  of  you 
and  your  families,  and  your  comrades  in  arms  and 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  119 

their  families;  we're  giving  our  little  as  you  are  giv- 
ing your  all."^^^ 

In  Des  Moines  County,  outside  of  Burlington, 
the  men  who  had  engineered  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
fund  drive  were  again  called  upon  to  manage 
the  Christmas  membership  campaign  for  the 
Red  Cross.  They  were  organized  with  a  chair- 
man, assistant  chairman,  secretary,  treasurer, 
a  general  committee,  and  a  head  for  each  town- 
ship in  the  county.^^*^ 

Those  in  charge  of  the  Red  Cross  activities  in 
Louisa  County  proceeded  in  the  campaign  for 
members  by  organizing  all  of  the  school  dis- 
tricts, which  was  accomplished  largely  through 
the  efforts  of  school  boards  and  teachers.  On 
December  20th  seventy  meetings  were  held  in 
the  various  school  districts  of  the  county  in  tbe 
interest  of  the  Red  Cross.  When  the  drive  was 
over  many  of  the  school  districts  registered  one 
hundred  per  cent  membership.^^^ 

The  large  silk  American  flag  which  had  been 
made  by  Mrs.  Harding  and  little  daughter 
Barbara  was  displayed  in  various  parts  of  the 
State  during  the  campaig-n.  Pictures,  showing 
Mrs.  Harding  and  Barbara  engaged  in  making 
the  flag,  were  distributed  to  all  Red  Cross  chap- 
ters. No  small  amount  of  interest  was  aroused 
by  the  flag  and  a  spirited  contest  for  its  pos- 
session ensued. 


120  KED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

A  committee  appointed  by  the  State  director 
awarded  the  flag  to  Shelby  County  which  had 
enrolled  eighty-five  per  cent  of  its  population. 
A  considerable  number  of  communities  in  this 
county  were  made  up  almost  wholly  of  Germans, 
and  many  of  these  had  registered  one  hundred 
per  cent.  Kossuth  County  was  a  close  second 
with  eighty  per  cent,  and  Dickinson  County  was 
third  with  seventy-eight  per  cent  of  its  popula- 
tion on  the  Red  Cross  roll.^^-  The  membership 
for  Iowa  was  forty-four  per  cent. 

The  flag  was  presented  to  Shelby  County  on 
March  6,  1918.  A  great  crowd  was  on  hand  to 
attend  the  celebration.  Early  in  the  afternoon 
a  parade  led  the  people  to  the  high  school  where 
a  formal  program  was  presented.  The  crowd 
was  so  large  that  the  overflow  from  the  audi- 
torium filled  the  gymnasium  where  the  program 
had  to  be  repeated.  Mrs.  Harding  formally 
presented  the  flag  to  the  county  and  Mrs.  B.  B. 
Griffith,  secretary  of  the  chapter  executive  com- 
mittee, received  it.  Miss  Lucile  Kepford,  the 
fourteen  year  old  daughter  of  the  State  direc- 
tor, was  flag  bearer.  Speeches  were  made  by 
H.  W.  Byers,  chairman  of  the  judging  com- 
mittee. State  Director  Kepford,  and  Governor 
Harding.  Barbara  Harding  was  present  and 
helped  hold  the  flag  as  it  was  being  presented 
by  her  mother.^^^ 


EED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  121 

Results  of  the  Campaign. —  The  results  of  the 
Christmas  campaign  throughout  the  whole 
country  were  far  beyond  what  had  been  hoped 
for :  instead  of  a  membership  of  15,000,000  the 
20,000,000  mark  was  passed.  In  February,  1918, 
there  were  23,475,000  names  on  the  membership 
lists  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  and  some  re- 
turns were  still  being  received.  This  consti- 
tuted about  twenty-two  per  cent  of  the  country's 
entire  population.^^^ 

Iowa's  membership  at  the  close  of  the  cam- 
paign on  January  first  was  800,000.  These  fig- 
ures, however,  did  not  represent  the  full  results 
of  the  campaign  for  returns  were  incomplete 
and  in  many  places  the  drive  was  continued  to 
a  later  date.  There  were  almost  900,000  mem- 
bers in  Iowa  by  the  end  of  March,  and  on  July  1, 
1918,  there  were  1,037,511.  At  this  time  Iowa 
had  the  distinction  of  having  a  larger  Red  Cross 
membership  by  over  100,000  than  any  other  of 
the  five  States  in  the  Central  Division.  In  addi- 
tion Iowa  had  a  larger  per  cent  of  its  popula- 
tion enrolled  than  any  other  of  these  five  States. 
The  membership  of  each  State  and  its  percent- 
age of  population  were  as  follows:  Illinois 
827,160  or  13.3  per  cent;  Wisconsin  632,398  or 
25.1  per  cent ;  Michigan  918,384  or  29.9  per  cent; 
Nebraska  525,740  or  41  per  cent;  and  Iowa 
1,037,511  or  44  per  cent.    Iowa  also  had  200,000 


122  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

children,  from  3000  schools  of  the  State,  en- 
rolled in  the  Junior  Red  Cross.^^^ 

THE  CHRISTMAS  ROLL  CALL  IN   1918 

Following  the  idea  which  originated  in  1917 
of  linking  the  Red  Cross  with  the  spirit  of 
Christmas  by  enrolling  Red  Cross  members 
during  the  Christmas  season,  plans  were  formu- 
lated early  for  the  1918  membership  campaign. 
During  the  first  part  of  September  the  following 
formal  announcement  was  issued  by  Henry  P. 
Davison,  Chairman  of  the  War  Council : 

From  December  16  to  23  the  lists  will  be  open  for 
every  American  in  every  corner  of  the  world,  so  that 
it  may  be  known  that  the  whole  nation  at  home  and 
abroad  is  registered  for  the  cause.  The  Red  Cross 
wants  again  to  give  the  world  notice  not  only  that 
America  can  fight,  but  that  to  the  last  man,  woman 
and  child  we  stand  four  square  for  mercy,  honor  and 
good  faith  among  the  nations. 

At  the  close  of  the  Christmas  Membership  Cam- 
paign of  1917  there  were  22,000,000  Americans  en- 
rolled in  the  Red  Cross.  There  are  also  8,000,000 
members  in  the  Junior  Red  Cross. 

This  year,  both  as  a  Christmas  observance  and  as  a 
renewal  of  the  nation-wide  pledge  of  loyalty,  the  Red 
Cross  will  again  put  before  every  one  the  duty  of 
standing  by  the  flag ;  for  the  Red  Cross,  in  this  great 
fight  for  Peace  represents  the  whole  spirit  of  what  we 
are  fighting  for. 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  123 

This  will  not  be  a  call  for  money.  It  will  be  a  sum- 
mons to  Americans  everywhere  to  line  up  for  the 
American  ideal.  We  cannot  all  fight,  but  this  one 
thing  everybody  can  do. 

The  Red  Cross  membership  fee  is  one  dollar.  Half 
of  this  remains  with  the  local  chapter,  to  be  used  for 
expenses  and  for  relief  of  our  soldiers  and  their  fami- 
lies ;  the  other  half  goes  to  the  National  Treasury. 

There  will  be  no  allotment  of  quotas  to  any  com- 
munity. The  quota  in  every  district  will  be  the  limit 
of  its  adult  population. 

When  the  roll-call  comes,  every  American,  old  or 
young,  will  be  called  on  to  register  and  add  the  weight 
of  his  name  to  the  Red  Cross  message. 

Let  us  answer  with  one  voice  to  the  word  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson,  when  he  said:  "I  summon  you  to  the 
comradeship  ".^^^ 

This  was  not  to  be  a  "campaign"  to  raise  a 
war  fund,  nor  a  ''drive"  to  strengthen  the 
material  resources  of  the  Red  Cross  organiza- 
tion. The  main  objective  was  the  extension  of 
Eed  Cross  membership  to  the  uttermost,  there- 
by showing  the  rest  of  the  struggling  world  that 
the  support  of  America  was  not  only  moral 
support  but  an  actual  humanized  force :  it  was 
to  register  in  terms  of  active  participation  the 
spirit  of  a  nation  —  a  spirit  personified  in  Red 
Cross  membership.  The  American  people  were 
to  be  invited  to  join  the  Red  Cross,  but  no  meas- 
ures were  to  be  employed  to  compel  them  to  do 


124  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

so.  Hence  tlie  official  designation  adopted  was 
the  Eed  Cross  Christmas  Eoll  Call  which  was 
considered  to  be  the  only  adequate  characteriza- 
tion of  the  movement. ^^'^ 

The  National  Boll  Call. —  Backed  by  the  ex- 
perience derived  from  the  first  Christmas  mem- 
bership drive  and  the  war  fund  campaigns  the 
Eed  Cross  officials  set  out  to  make  the  1918  Eoll 
Call  an  even  greater  success.  The  advertising 
campaign  was  conducted  along  much  the  same 
lines  as  previously,  an  effort  being  made  to 
keep  the  Eoll  Call  constantly  before  the  public 
by  the  use  of  posters,  newspapers,  magazines, 
movies,  billboards,  and  similar  agencies.  Al- 
though the  armistice  was  signed  during  prepa- 
rations for  the  Eoll  Call  it  caused  no  change  in 
the  plans.  An  army  of  mercy  had  been  mobil- 
ized "never  to  be  mustered  out",  and  the  new 
situation  only  gave  rise  to  the  question:  "Will 
you  be  wearing  your  Eed  Cross  button  when  the 
boys  come  home!"^®^ 

The  public  was  urged  to  support  the  Eoll  Call 
in  a  proclamation  issued  by  President  Wilson 
on  November  26th,  which  read  in  part : 

Now,  by  God's  grace,  the  Red  Cross  Christmas  mes- 
sage of  1918  is  to  be  a  message  of  peace  as  well  as  a 
message  of  good  will.  But  peace  does  not  mean  that 
we  can  fold  our  hands.     It  means  further  sacrifice. 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  125 

Our  membership  must  hold  together  and  be  increased 
for  the  great  tasks  to  come.  We  must  prove  conclu- 
sively to  an  attentive  world  that  America  is  perma- 
nently aroused  to  the  needs  of  the  new  era,  our  old 
indifference  gone  forever. 

The  exact  nature  of  the  future  service  of  the  Red 
Cross  will  depend  upon  the  program  of  the  associated 
governments,  but  there  is  immediate  need  today  for 
every  heartening  word  and  for  every  helpful  service. 
We  must  not  forget  that  our  soldiers  and  our  sailors 
are  still  under  orders  and  still  have  duties  to  perform 
of  the  highest  consequence,  and  that  the  Red  Cross 
Christmas  membership  means  a  great  deal  to  them. 
The  people  of  the  saddened  lands,  moreover,  returning 
home  today  where  there  are  no  homes  must  have  the 
assurance  that  the  hearts  of  our  people  are  with  them 
in  the  dark  and  doubtful  days  ahead.  Let  us,  so  far 
as  we  can,  help  them  back  to  faith  in  mercy  and  in 
future  happiness. 

As  President  of  the  Red  Cross,  conscious  in  this 
great  hour  of  the  value  of  such  a  message  from  the 
American  people,  I  should  be  glad  if  every  American 
would  join  the  Red  Cross  for  1919,  and  thus  send 
forth  to  the  whole  human  family  the  Christmas  greet- 
ing for  which  it  waits  and  for  which  it  stands  in 
greatest  need.^^^ 

With  the  now  world  famous  slogan,  "All  You 
Need  Is  A  Heart  and  A  Dollar",  staring  Amer- 
ica in  the  face  from  millions  of  billboards,  mag- 
azines, and  newspapers,  the  Roll  Call  opened  on 


126  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

December  16tli  and  5,000,000  American  men  and 
women  started  out  to  "make  it  unanimous". 
On  the  previous  day  —  Red  Cross  Sunday  — 
the  message  of  "join"  had  been  preached  from 
100,000  pulpits.  All  during  the  days  of  the 
campaign  people  were  constantly  being  re- 
minded of  its  purpose.  Red  Cross  slogans  were 
pasted  on  packages  of  all  sorts ;  on  restaurant, 
hotel,  and  dining  car  menus;  on  theatre  and 
movie  programs;  and  on  the  front  pages  of 
newspapers.  Pay  envelopes  were  likely  to  con- 
tain a  dollar  bill  tagged  "This  dollar  will  make 
you  a  member  of  the  Red  Cross",  while  many 
banks  handed  out  money  held  together  with  a 
paper  band  labeled  "One  of  these  dollars  will 
make  you  a  member  of  the  Red  Cross". 

As  in  1917,  small  Red  Cross  service  flags 
were  provided  for  all  members  to  be  hung  in  the 
windows  of  their  homes.  Larger  ones  were  fur- 
nished for  business  houses.  Again  the  small 
red  crosses  were  given  to  be  attached  to  the 
service  flag  to  indicate  the  number  of  members 
and  one  hundred  per  cent  signs  were  provided 
for  homes  and  establishments  where  all  mem- 
bers had  joined.  A  new  feature  was  the  use  of 
blue  stars  on  the  service  flag  of  the  Red  Cross 
for  persons  in  the  country's  service.  On  every 
side  one  was  greeted  by  the  slogan  "All  You 
Need  Is  A  Heart  and  A  Dollar  ".-o" 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  127 

One  great  obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  Roll  Call 
was  the  influenza  epidemic  then  so  prevalent 
throughout  the  country.  In  many  localities 
quarantine  regulations  were  in  force  and  public 
gatherings  of  any  sort  were  under  ban.  Yet  it 
was  deemed  best  to  proceed  with  the  Roll  Call 
except  in  a  few  communities  where  the  quaran- 
tine was  so  very  rigid  as  to  make  such  action 
almost  impossible.  Where  local  conditions 
were  such  as  to  make  it  unwise  to  carry  on  the 
work  permission  was  given  to  postpone  the  Roll 
Call  until  a  later  date.  In  communities  where 
the  epidemic  rendered  public  gatherings  and 
house  to  house  canvassing  out  of  the  question, 
the  Roll  Call  was  carried  on  through  intensive 
newspaper  campaigns  and  the  telephone.  Many 
newspapers  carried  membership  coupons  which 
could  be  detached  and  mailed,  together  with  a 
dollar,  to  Red  Cross  headquarters.-^^ 

The  Roll  Call  in  Iowa. —  A  special  committee 
of  volunteer  workers  was  named  as  the  Red 
Cross  Roll  Call  Committee  for  the  Central  Di- 
vision. Frank  W.  Judson  and  George  B.  Stad- 
den  were  chairman  and  vice  chairman,  respec- 
tively. Howard  W.  Fenton  and  Calvin  Fentress 
of  Chicago  were  ex  officio  members.  The  other 
members  were  the  men  appointed  to  take  charge 
of  the  Roll  Call  in  the  different  States.     This 


128  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

committee  had  general  charge  of  activities  in 
the  Central  Division  and  worked  with  the  chap- 
ters throughout  the  district. 

Iowa's  representative  on  the  committee  of  the 
Central  Division  was  Al  Falkenhainer  of  Al- 
gona,  head  of  the  Red  Cross  chapter  of  Kossuth 
County.  To  him  fell  the  direction  of  the  Roll 
Call  in  the  State.  With  him  on  the  State  com- 
mittee were  W.  H.  Kidder  of  Des  Moines,  at 
the  head  of  the  speakers'  bureau;  Joe  McCor- 
mick  of  Cedar  Rapids,  in  charge  of  publicity; 
Mrs.  G.  M.  Hurin  of  Des  Moines,  secretary; 
and  M.  S.  McMullen  and  J.  C.  Orth,  field  secre- 
taries. There  was  also  a  State  Executive  Com- 
mittee made  up  of  U.  S.  Alderman  of  Nevada, 
George  B.  Baker  of  Sigourney,  L.  R.  Bucking- 
ham of  Estherville,  A.  F.  Dawson  of  Daven- 
port, John  B.  Darrah  of  Chariton,  W.  B.  Darrah 
of  Shenandoah,  Sherman  De  Wolf  of  Reinbeck, 
E.  Ernsberger  of  Charles  City,  P.  C.  Holdoegel 
of  Roctw^ell  City,  D.  E.  Maguire  of  Dubuque, 
C.  H.  McNider  of  Mason  City,  W.  R.  Orchard  of 
Council  Bluffs,  H.  W.  Pitkins  of  Sioux  City, 
E.  M.  Scott  of  Cedar  Rapids,  and  M.  M.  White 
of  Ida  Grove.^°- 

During  the  entire  war  no  other  campaign  in 
the  State  was  handicapped  by  such  adverse  con- 
ditions as  confronted  the  1918  Roll  Call.  There 
was  much  influenza  throughout  the  State  and 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  129 

many  places  were  under  quarantine.  An  even 
greater  obstacle  was  encountered  in  the  bad 
roads  wliich  made  it  impossible  to  reach  people 
in  the  rural  districts  except  with  the  greatest 
difficulty.  At  a  conference  of  Roll  Call  and 
chapter  chairmen,  held  previous  to  the  opening 
of  the  campaign,  reports  indicated  that  prac- 
tically all  communities  were  suffering  under  the 
same  handicaps,  but  every  chairman  present 
was  opposed  to  postponing  or  abandoning  the 
Eoll  Call.  The  usual  methods  of  public  meet- 
ings and  church  sermons  had  to  be  given  up  and 
dependence  for  publicity  had  to  be  placed  on  the 
press,  window  decorations,  and  similar  me- 
diums.^°^ 

The  Roll  Call  made  a  good  start  in  most  of 
the  communities  of  the  State  on  the  first  day  set 
for  the  drive.  Following  the  plan  drawn  up  by 
the  national  officials,  no  definite  quota  was  as- 
signed to  the  various  chapters.  Each  chapter, 
however,  was  urged  to  enroll  at  least  sixty-five 
per  cent  of  the  adult  population  in  its  district. 
Having  enrolled  that  proportion  of  its  people, 
any  county  or  community  was  considered  as 
having  a  one  hundred  per  cent  record.  Adel 
was  the  first  town  to  report  one  hundred  per 
cent,  while  Webster  County,  which  was  the  first 
county  to  do  so,  missed  being  first  in  the  land  by 
only  a  small  margin.    Many  places  did  not  stop 

VOL.  I — 10 


130  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

when  they  had  succeeded  in  enrolling  the  sixty- 
five  per  cent.  Toledo,  on  the  first  day,  reported 
that  ninety-five  per  cent  of  the  homes  in  that 
town  were  one  hundred  per  cent  and  that  pros- 
pects were  bright  for  bringing  in  the  remainder 
by  night."«^ 

Different  localities  conducted  the  Eoll  Call  in 
different  ways.  Some  proceeded  at  once  to  em- 
ploy the  old-fashioned,  tried  and  proven  house- 
to-house  canvass;  others  resorted  to  it  only 
after  other  methods  failed.  Several  chapters 
established  Red  Cross  stations  throughout  their 
district  and  urged  the  people  to  call  voluntarily 
and  take  out  memberships. 

No  regular  canvass  of  the  business  district 
was  made  in  Des  Moines,  where  John  P.  Wal- 
lace was  chairman  of  the  Roll  Call.  All  firms 
and  factories  were  expected  to  call  at  Red  Cross 
headquarters  and  get  the  necessary  supplies 
and  blanks  and  then  proceed  to  enroll  all  their 
employees,  or  by  telephoning  headquarters  the 
Boy  Scouts  would  deliver  any  supplies  that 
were  wanted.  The  aim  was  to  make  just  as 
many  of  the  business  places  as  possible  one 
hundred  per  cent  for  the  Red  Cross.  There  was 
a  good  response  and  the  list  of  one  hundred  per 
cent  firms  increased  at  a  fairly  rapid  rate.  In 
the  residence  district  the  Women's  Council  of 
Defense  undertook  a   house-to-house   canvass. 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP  131 

This  was  carried  out  by  the  use  of  the  block 
system,  with  captains,  lieutenants,  and  ser- 
geants in  control.-"^ 

Fort  Madison  made  a  house-to-house  canvass, 
each  ward  being  in  charge  of  a  captain.  Many 
one  hundred  per  cent  families  were  secured  and 
in  some  blocks  every  resident  answered  the  Eoll 
Call.  The  same  policy  was  followed  in  Du- 
buque, Clinton,  and  Waterloo.  At  Dubuque  the 
women  made  the  canvass;  at  Clinton  a  major 
was  desig-nated  to  supervise  each  precinct;  at 
Waterloo  both  the  residence  and  business  dis- 
tricts were  visited  by  solicitors.-"^ 

A  voluntary  enrollment  was  planned  at  Mar- 
shalltown.  All  were  invited  to  report  at  one  of 
the  several  Eed  Cross  stations  and  pay  up  their 
dues  for  1919.  In  Marshall  County,  outside  the 
city,  solicitors  at  once  set  to  work  to  canvass  the 
territory.  The  campaign  did  not  go  well  in  the 
city.  People  did  not  respond  as  had  been  ex- 
pected, so  the  War  Service  League  was  called 
in  to  arrange  for  a  house-to-house  solicitation. 
For  several  days  all  efforts  were  directed  to- 
ward attracting  public  attention  to  the  Roll  Call. 
For  several  nights  at  6 :30  all  the  electric  lights 
in  the  city  were  turned  off  for  one  minute  as  a 
reminder.  On  Sunday  afternoon,  December 
22nd,  members  of  the  War  Service  League 
undertook   a   house-to-house    campaign,    made 


132  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

necessary  because  ''careless  people,  tight-wads 
and  slackers  have  not  done  their  duty ' '.  Every 
home  not  displaying  a  one  hundred  per  cent  Red 
Cross  service  flag  was  to  be  visited.  The  ap- 
proaich  of  the  canvass  seemed  to  stimulate  many 
to  activity,  for  the  number  of  voluntary  enroll- 
ments increased  rapidly  immediately  preceding 
the  canvass. "^^ 

A  "mail  order"  campaign  was  attempted  in 
Webster  City.  Letters  were  sent  to  each  home 
in  the  community  requesting  its  members  to 
join  the  Red  Cross.  This  scheme  failed  to  get 
results,  however,  and  in  order  ' '  to  save  the  rep- 
utation and  the  honor  of  the  city"  it  was  neces- 
sary to  go  out  on  New  Year's  Day  and  call  at 
the  homes.^°^ 

Purely  voluntary  systems  were  used  at  Cedar 
Rapids  and  Sioux  City.  In  both  cities  the  Red 
Cross  was  given  much  publicity  and  the  propo- 
sition of  the  Roll  Call  was  put  before  the  public 
in  the  press.  It  was  then  left  to  each  individual 
to  visit  one  of  the  many  Red  Cross  booths  that 
had  been  opened.  At  Cedar  Rapids,  the  after- 
noon of  Sunday,  December  22nd,  was  set  as  the 
time  when  all  should  call  at  the  booths  and  do 
their  duty  by  the  Red  Cross. 

Due  to  "general  depression,  illness,  and  re- 
luctance on  the  part  of  many  workers  to  make  a 
canvass"   at   that   time,  Muscatine  postponed 


RED  CROSS  ME:\rBERSHIP  133 

its  regular  campaign,  under  the  direction  of 
the  War  Service  League,  until  January,  but 
during  the  regular  time  set  for  the  Roll  Call, 
booths  were  maintained  in  the  banks  of  the  city 
where  voluntary  enrollments  were  accepted.-*'^ 

Entirely  different  was  the  situation  in  Web- 
ster and  Des  Moines  counties,  in  which  are 
found  the  cities  of  Fort  Dodge  and  Burlington. 
These  two  counties  had  adopted  the  war  chest 
plan  for  financing  all  war  relief  activities.  In 
Webster  County  there  was  the  Patriot's  Fund 
to  which  most  of  the  citizens  had  subscribed. 
One  of  the  rules  governing  the  fund  provided 
that  all  subscribers  and  those  dependent  upon 
them  were  to  have  their  annual  Red  Cross  dues 
paid  from  the  fund.  When  the  Roll  Call  began, 
the  managers  of  the  fund  took  out  memberships 
for  all  those  who  had  given  to  the  Patriot's 
Fund  and  for  members  of  their  families.  This 
enabled  the  county  to  go  on  record  as  the  first 
in  the  State  to  reach  the  goal  of  a  sixty-five  per 
cent  enrollment.  In  addition  to  the  members 
provided  for  by  the  Patriot's  Fund,  a  campaign 
was  carried  on  and  all  who  were  not  subscribers 
to  the  fund  were  urged  to  enroll  with  the  Red 
Cross  and  be  "a  member  of  the  most  popular 
crowd  in  i\jnerica".-^^ 

Des  Moines  County's  organization  was  the 
War  Club.     It  consisted   of  twelve  thousand 


134  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

members,  each  being  entitled  to  have  his  annual 
Red  Cross  dues  paid  by  the  chib.  Here  again, 
the  AVar  Club  at  once  subscribed  for  Red  Cross 
memberships  for  all  its  members.  For  the  bene- 
fit of  those  in  the  county  who  did  not  belong  to 
the  club,  precinct  chairmen  were  named  in 
Burlington  and  township  chairmen  in  the  re- 
mainder of  the  county  to  direct  a  membership 
campaign.  In  some  instances  house-to-house 
canvassing  was  employed,  while  other  precincts 
or  townships  depended  upon  a  voluntary  enroll- 
ment of  all  those  who  possessed  the  necessary 
requisites  —  a  heart  and  a  dollar.^^^ 

Results  of  the  Campaign. —  The  results  of  the 
Roll  Call  did  not  quite  reach  the  totals  of  the 
1917  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  due 
largely,  no  doubt,  to  the  signing  of  the  armistice 
and  to  the  prevalence  of  the  influenza  epidemic. 
The  records  in  March,  1919,  listed  18,605,719 
members  of  the  American  Red  Cross.  Although 
many  chapters  in  the  Central  Division  seemed 
to  have  used  up  all  their  steam  in  blowing 
whistles  at  the  opening  of  the  Roll  Call,  never- 
theless this  Division  with  4,127,107  members 
was  far  ahead  of  all  the  others  in  the  total  num- 
ber of  members  enrolled.  Next  to  it  stood  the 
Atlantic  Division  with  2,847,768  members.^^^ 

Final  reports  for  the  State  of  Iowa  showed  an 


RED  CROSS  MEMBERSHIP 


135 


adult  Bed  Cross  membersliip  of  810,786  or  36.51 
per  cent  of  the  total  population.  This  again 
placed  Iowa  first  in  the  Central  Division  in  the 
per  cent  of  the  population  enrolled.  Michigan 
ranked  second  with  33.64  per  cent,  and  Nebraska 
third  with  29.10  per  cent.  Fig-ures  compiled  at 
National  Headquarters  showed  that  on  Decem- 
ber 31,  1918,  Iowa  had  a  larger  per  cent  of  its 
adult  population  on  the  Eed  Cross  rolls  than 
any  other  State  in  the  Union.-^^ 

The  following  thirty-eight  Iowa  counties  en- 
rolled sixty-five  per  cent  or  more  of  their  adult 
population  in  the  Red  Cross  :-^^ 


Adams 

Allamakee 

Audubon 

Black  Hawk 

Bremer 

Carroll 

Cass 

Dickinson 

Emmet 

Greene 

Grundy 

Hancock 

Henry 

Howard 

Humboldt 

Ida 

Jasper 


Keokuk 

Kossuth 

Linn 

Lucas 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

Montgomery 

O'Brien 

Osceola 

Pocahontas 

Page 

Palo  Alto 

Poweshiek 

Sac 

Shelby 

Tama 


136  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Union  Worth 

Webster  Wright 

An  examination  of  the  returns  indicates  that 
the  rural  districts  were  more  successful  than 
the  cities.  Rural  communities  generally  ex- 
ceeded by  far  the  enrollment  of  1917,  while  the 
larger  cities  as  a  rule  did  not  reach  the  totals  of 
the  previous  year.  Of  the  thirty-eight  counties 
on  the  honor  roll  only  nine  had  a  greater  urban 
population  than  rural ;  or,  of  the  counties  in  the 
State  which  had  a  greater  rural  than  urban 
population,  39.7  per  cent  made  the  honor  roll, 
while  34.6  per  cent  of  those  in  which  urban  resi- 
dents predominate  reached  the  same  goal. 
There  are  fifteen  cities  of  the  first  class  in  Iowa 
and  of  the  counties  on  the  honor  roll  only  four 
contain  one  each  of  these  cities.  Linn,  Black 
Hawk,  Webster,  and  Marshall  counties,  con- 
taining the  cities  of  Cedar  Rapids,  Waterloo, 
Ft.  Dodge,  and  Marshalltown,  reached  the  aim 
of  enrolling  sixty-five  per  cent  of  their  adult 
population.  Of  the  fifteen  counties  in  which 
the  cities  of  the  first  class  are  situated,  only 
26.6  per  cent  got  their  names  on  the  honor  roll. 
Iowa  has  twelve  counties  which  have  two-thirds 
or  more  of  their  people  classed  as  rural,  and  of 
these,  seven  or  58.3  per  cent  reached  the  desired 
goal  and  were  given  places  on  the  roll  of 
honor.-^^ 


VI 

FlISrANCES   OF   THE    NATIONAL    ORGANIZATION 

When  the  American  Red  Cross  was  confronted 
with  the  gigantic  task  thrust  upon  it  by  the  en- 
trance of  the  United  States  into  the  World 
War,  the  financial  problems  were  by  no  means 
the  easiest  of  solution.  During  the  pre-war 
period  the  financial  needs  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  were  comparatively  small,  and  the  man- 
agement of  that  end  of  the  Red  Cross  work  was 
not  exceedingly  difficult.  But  when  the  United 
States  became  involved  in  the  great  interna- 
tional conflict  and  the  Red  Cross  assumed  the 
greater  burdens,  new  means  of  raising  funds 
for  the  work  and  new  methods  of  handling  the 
finances  had  to  be  developed. 

FINANCES  BEFORE   THE  WAR 

Previous  to  the  creation  of  the  Red  Cross 
War  Council  in  May,  1917,  all  moneys  received 
by  the  American  Red  Cross  were  put  into  one 
of  four  funds,  according  to  the  source  and  the 
use  to  which  the  money  was  to  be  applied.  The 
four  funds  were  the  Endowment  Fund,  the  Spe- 
cial Relief  Funds,  the  Contingent  Relief  Fund, 

137 


138  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

and  tlie  General  Fund.  These  funds  were  pro- 
vided for  in  the  by-laws  of  the  Eed  Cross  and 
were  continued  during  the  war,  but  they  were 
more  or  less  overshadowed  by  the  War  Fund 
which  was  created  to  meet  the  immense  war 
expenditures. 

Money  derived  from  dues  of  patron  and  life 
members,  from  legacies  or  gifts  specially  desig- 
nated for  the  purpose,  and  increments  of  the 
General  Fund  not  required  for  other  purposes 
made  up  the  Endowment  Fund.  It  had  been 
the  hope  of  the  Eed  Cross  to  raise  an  Endow- 
ment Fund  large  enough  to  assure  a  fairly 
large  yearly  income.  The  Endowment  Fund 
was  invested  in  various  ways  and  the  earnings 
assigned  to  the  General  Fund. 

The  Special  Relief  Funds  were  made  up  of 
donations  and  contributions  designated  for  spe- 
cific purposes.  Any  funds  collected  for  relief 
in  disasters  and  similar  emergencies  were  in 
this  category.  Any  interest  resulting  from 
such  funds  was  turned  into  the  General  Fund. 
Money  in  the  Special  Relief  Funds  had  to  be 
applied  to  the  objects  for  which  it  was  contrib- 
uted, except  that  not  more  than  five  per  cent  of 
the  gross  amount  could  be  transferred  to  the 
General  Fund  and  be  used  for  administrative 
purposes.  Residues  of  Special  Relief  Funds 
could,  at  the  close  of  the  relief  operations  for 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES    139 

which  they  had  been  given,  be  transferred  to 
the  Contingent  Belief  Fund. 

The  Contingent  Relief  Fund  was  used  in  re- 
lief work  for  which  no  special  provision  or  only 
inadequate  provision  had  been  made.  As  in  the 
case  of  the  Special  Relief  Funds,  five  per  cent 
of  the  Contingent  Relief  Fund  could  be  trans- 
ferred to  the  General  Fund  to  be  used  in  meet- 
ing administrative  expenses.  The  interest  from 
this  fund  also  went  to  the  General  Fund.  The 
Contingent  Fund  was  made  up  of  money  trans- 
ferred to  it  from  the  Special  Relief  Funds,  of 
money  donated  specially  for  the  fund,  and  of 
transfers  from  the  General  Fund  of  money  not 
needed  for  other  purposes. 

The  general  expenses  of  the  Red  Cross  were 
met  by  the  General  Fund.  Transfers  of  money 
could  be  made  by  the  Central  Committee  from 
the  General  Fund  to  any  of  the  others.  The 
General  Fund  was  composed  of  receipts  derived 
from  interest  accruing  to  the  other  funds,  and 
from  all  other  sources,  including  the  annual 
dues  of  members,  sale  of  badges,  publications, 
and  advertisements  in  The  Red  Cross  Maga- 
zine.^'^^ 

So  far  as  the  management  of  Red  Cross 
finances  was  concerned,  the  treasurer  was  in 
normal  time  the  chief  official.  The  by-laws  of 
the  American  Red  Cross  stated  that  the  treas- 


140  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

urer  ''shall  receive  and  receipt  for  all  moneys, 
legacies  or  gifts  from  whatever  source  paid  to 
the  corporation  save  such  moneys  as  are  paid 
to  subsidiary  organizations.  .  .  .  He  shall 
disburse  the  funds  of  the  corporation  and  make 
advances  of  such  funds  for  disbursement  only 
on  the  approval  of  the  Chairman  of  the  Central 
Committee,  countersigned  by  the  Secretary,  or 
in  his  absence  by  such  persons  as  may  be  desig- 
nated by  the  Central  Committee  to  act  as  Sec- 
retary. He  shall  execute  and  deliver  to  the 
American  National  Red  Cross  a  penal  bond,  as 
may  be  required  by  the  Central  Committee." 
One  or  more  assistant  treasurers  could  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  chaiiman  of  the  Central  Com- 
mittee upon  recommendation  of  the  treasurer 
and  the  approval  of  the  Central  Committee.^^"^ 

By  an  amendment  to  the  charter  of  the  Red 
Cross,  approved  on  June  23,  1910,  a  board  of 
nine  trustees  was  created  to  control  the  Red 
Cross  Endowment  Fund,  which  was  to  be  kept 
and  invested  under  the  management  and  super- 
vision of  these  trustees.  The  board  was  to  be 
elected  and  regulated  by  the  incorporators  of 
the  Red  Cross  and  their  successors. -^^ 

All  accounts  of  the  Red  Cross  had  to  be 
audited  by  the  War  Department.  The  charter 
required  the  Red  Cross  to  make  and  transmit 
annually  to  the  Secretary  of  War  "a  report  of 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     141 

its  proceedings  for  the  preceding  year,  includ- 
ing a  full,  complete,  and  itemized  report  of  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures  of  whatever  kind". 
This  report,  previous  to  February,  1917,  was 
made  on  the  first  of  January,  but  at  that  time 
the  date  of  the  fiscal  year  was  changed  and  the 
year  made  to  end  w^th  the  first  of  July.  A  copy 
of  the  report  had  to  be  transmitted  by  the  War 
Department  to  Congress. -^^ 

CREATION  OP  THE  WAR  FUND 

On  May  10, 1917,  President  Wilson  appointed 
a  War  Council  of  seven  members  to  direct  the 
work  of  the  Red  Cross  in  the  great  emergency 
created  by  the  entrance  of  the  United  States 
into  the  war.  In  announcing  this  action,  he 
issued  a  statement  in  which  he  declared  that  it 
would  be  "one  of  the  first  and  most  necessary 
tasks  of  the  new  War  Council  of  the  Red  Cross 
to  raise  great  sums  of  money  for  the  support 
of  the  work  to  be  done  and  done  upon  a  great 
scale.  I  hope  that  the  response  to  their  efforts 
will  be  a  demonstration  of  the  generosity  of 
America  and  the  power  of  genuine  practical 
sympathy  among  our  people  that  will  command 
the  admiration  of  the  whole  world."  A  Na- 
tional War  Finance  Committee,  headed  by 
Cleveland  H.  Dodge  of  New  York,  was  appoint- 
ed by  President  Wilson  to  manage  the  cam- 
paign. 


142  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

At  the  first  session  of  the  War  Council,  held 
at  Washington  on  May  24th  and  25th,  plans 
were  made  for  a  campaign  to  raise  money  for 
Red  Cross  activities  during  the  war  period. 
This  money  was  to  be  known  as  the  War  Fund. 
Among  the  speakers  at  this  first  meeting  were 
General  John  J.  Pershing,  Secretary  of  War 
Newton  D.  Baker,  Herbert  C.  Hoover,  and  ex- 
President  Taft.  It  was  decided  to  ask  for 
$100,000,000,  and  this  amount  was  carefully 
apportioned  to  States,  cities,  and  towns  through- 
out the  country.  A  nation-wide  organization 
was  worked  out  to  handle  the  campaign,  which 
was  ''by  far  the  greatest  ever  conducted  for 
philanthropic  purposes." 

THE  FIRST  WAR  FUND  DRIVE 

On  May  25,  1917,  by  proclamation  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson  the  week  of  June  18th  to  June  25th 
was  designated  as  "Red  Cross  Week",  and  at 
the  beginning  of  that  week  the  President  sent  a 
telegram  to  the  mayors  of  one  hundred  cities 
urging  the  cities  to  do  their  part  in  the  raising 
of  the  $100,000,000  Red  Gross  War  Fund,  meas- 
uring the  generosity  of  their  gifts  by  the  urgen- 
cy of  the  need. 

The  response  to  the  appeal  for  the  Red  Cross 
was  ''prompt  and  generous".  More  than  $100,- 
000,000  was  pledged  during  the  campaign.    Be- 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES    143 

sides  many  large  gifts  by  private  individuals, 
''Red  Cross  dividends"  were  declared  by  banks, 
corporations,  and  business  concerns  of  all  kinds. 
Some  of  these  gifts,  such  as  that  from  the 
Rockefeller  Foundation,  and  the  special  divi- 
dends from  the  United  States  Steel  Corporation 
and  the  Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Company, 
amounted  to  millions  of  dollars. 

After  the  War  Fund  had  been  pledged,  there 
remained  the  great  task  of  collecting  so  great  a 
sum,  since  partial  payments  would  be  made 
during  a  considerable  period  of  time  and  from 
places  scattered  all  over  the  United  States.  An 
organization  capable  of  handling  this  work  had 
to  be  built  up.  Banks  throughout  the  country 
acted  as  depositories  for  the  Red  Cross  War 
Fund  under  the  supervision  of  the  Central 
Trust  Company  of  New  York.  All  of  these 
institutions  served,  of  course,  without  pay.--*^ 

Collections  from  the  first  War  Fund  drive 
totaled  $114,023,640.23,  an  oversubscription  of 
fourteen  per  cent.  For  campaign  and  collection 
expenses  the  national  headquarters  appropri- 
ated $278,114.27  and  it  was  estimated  that 
chapters  spent  $500,000  for  that  purpose.  The 
cost,  therefore,  was  less  than  seven-tenths  of 
one  per  cent  for  each  dollar  collected.  There 
were  3929  campaign  committees  engaged  in  this 
drive.    The  proceeds  were  placed  in  3986  banks 


144  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

of  deposit.  From  these  local  banks  the  funds 
were  graduall}^  transferred  to  central  deposi- 
tories and  then  turned  over  to  the  treasurer  of 
the  Eed  Cross  as  needed.--^ 

The  First  War  Fund  Drive  in  Iowa. —  Gov- 
ernor Harding  was  asked  to  take  charge  of  the 
First  War  Fund  Campaign  in  Iowa.  On  June 
13,  1917,  he  issued  a  proclamation  calling  upon 
the  people  of  the  State  "to  give  liberally  and 
in  the  spirit  of  patriotic  sacrifice  for  the  sup- 
port and  maintenance  of  this  great  work  of 
humanitarianism.  American  boys  are  already 
at  the  front  and  we  must  not  let  them  suffer  on 
account  of  inaction  on  our  part. 

"In  behalf  of  those  making  the  canvass,  I 
earnestly  bespeak  the  co-operation  of  the  citi- 
zens in  QXQYj  walk  of  life,  to  the  end  that  the 
response  will  be  commensurate  with  the  con- 
spicuous position  Iowa  has  thus  far  occupied  in 
every  movement  wherein  her  patriotic  loyalty 
has  been  put  to  the  test."--- 

Dr.  A.  E.  Kepford,  lecturer  on  tuberculosis 
for  the  State  Board  of  Control,  and  0.  E. 
Klingaman,  director  of  the  Extension  Division 
of  the  State  University,  were  appointed  by  the 
Governor  to  organize  Iowa  for  the  raising  of 
the  State's  quota  of  the  $100,000,000  War  Fund 
—  $1,000,000.    James  B.  Weaver,  State  director 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     145 

of  the  Red  Cross,  sent  letters  to  local  chapters 
explaining  the  general  purpose  of  the  campaign, 
and  Governor  Harding  cooperated  by  sending 
letters  to  the  county  councils  of  defense.--^ 

The  State  was  divided  into  fifteen  districts, 
in  all  of  which  preliminary  meetings  were  held 
on  June  14th  to  mobilize  forces  so  as  to  begin 
the  drive  upon  the  following  day.  From  four 
to  twelve  counties  made  up  each  district,  and 
each  county  was  in  turn  organized  as  a  unit. 
Delegates  from  surrounding  counties  attended 
these  meetings  for  instruction  in  all  the  work. 
Cities  selected  for  the  district  meetings  were 
Des  Moines,  Sioux  City,  Marshalltown,  Council 
Bluffs,  Cedar  Rapids,  Waterloo,  Davenport, 
Burlington,  Ottumwa,  Chariton,  Creston,  Ft. 
Dodge,  Estherville,  Dubuque,  and  Mason  City. 
All  cities  of  ten  thousand  or  more  were  organ- 
ized apart  from  the  counties.--^ 

The  First  War  Fund  Drive  in  Des  Moines.— 
To  got  an  idea  of  how  the  campaign  was  con- 
ducted throughout  the  State,  one  must  turn  to 
the  campaigns  in  particular  communities.  As 
Des  Moines  is  the  largest  city  in  Iowa  the  de- 
tails of  the  campaign  conducted  there  are  of 
interest.  The  quota  for  the  city  and  county  was 
set  at  $150,000  and  the  aim  was  to  exceed  this 
quota  by  a  considerable  amount.    The  organiza- 

VOL.  I — 11 


146  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

tion  for  the  campaign  was  patterned  after  that 
of  the  Liberty  Loan  Campaign  which  just  pre- 
ceded. Thirty-two  teams  were  formed,  each 
with  a  captain  in  charge.  These  teams  were 
divided  into  four  larger  divisions,  eight  teams 
being  in  each  group.  Division  A  was  headed 
by  E.  T.  Meredith  and  C.  L.  Herring;  division 
B  was  under  the  direction  of  Clifford  De  Puy 
and  J.  L.  Scheuerman ;  and  B.  F.  Williams  and 
C.  W.  Graham  were  responsible  for  division  C. 
A  fourth  division,  under  James  R.  Hanna,  was 
assigned  to  the  county  outside  of  Des  Moines. 
Women  of  the  city  also  had  a  prominent  part  in 
the  drive  and  under  the  direction  of  Mrs.  Frank 
C.  Travers,  president  of  the  City  Federation  of 
Women's  Clubs,  some  two  hundred  women 
were  assigned  the  task  of  '  twenty- thousand 
homes  ".225 

As  prescribed  in  President  Wilson's  procla- 
mation, the  date  of  the  campaign  was  from 
June  18th  to  June  25th.  Several  preliminary 
events  were  staged  so  as  to  have  things  well 
shaped  up  for  the  actual  solicitation  for  funds. 
On  Sunday,  June  17th,  a  general  mass  meeting 
was  held  at  the  University  Church  with  a  full 
house.  Several  speakers,  among  whom  were 
Alfred  11.  O'Connor,  a  veteran  of  the  war. 
Sergeant  D.  C.  Brackin,  a  survivor  of  the  fa- 
mous  Canadian   regiment,   "Princess   Pat's", 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     147 

Ashton  Clemens,  and  E.  T.  Meredith  addressed 
the  audience.  The  chairman  of  the  gathering 
was  John  P.  Wallace.  One  feature  of  the  meet- 
ing was  the  presence  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
uniformed  nurses  who  were  members  of  the 
Des  Moines  chapter  of  the  Eed  Cross.  All  the 
workers  in  the  movement  met  at  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  on  the  following  night  to  discuss 
the  final  plans.  For  this  meeting  the  speakers 
were  0.  B.  Towne  of  Chicago,  James  B.  Weaver, 
State  director  for  Iowa,  and  Sergeant  Brecken- 
ridge.--^ 

The  campaign  was  a  success  from  the  begin- 
ning. As  a  result  of  the  first  day's  activity 
1077  subscribers  gave  $33,546  to  the  Red  Cross. 
Included  in  the  gifts  were  one  for  $5000,  one 
for  $1600,  eight  for  $1000,  and  two  for  $500. 
At  the  end  of  the  second  day  over  forty  per 
cent  of  the  quota  had  been  accounted  for.  The 
day's  work  had  brought  in  $31,176.31  from  2991 
individuals,  including  one  contribution  for 
$2000,  four  of  $1000,  five  for  $500,  and  one 
for  $250.  On  Thursday  the  total  passed  the 
$100,000  mark  and  on  Saturday  it  went  over 
$150,000.  When  the  campaign  closed  the 
amount  pledged  to  the  Red  Cross  was  $200,- 
071.75,  the  gift  of  31,788  contributors. 

The  total  by  divisions  was  as  follows:  divi- 
sion A  secured  $71,939.50  from  8696  pledges; 


148  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

division  B  obtained  4830  pledges  amounting  to 
$44,283.70 ;  and  the  C  division,  with  5601  pledges 
raised  to  $40,957.41.  The  women  were  respon- 
sible for  $25,331  given  by  5798  persons.  The 
teams  assigned  to  the  county  districts  outside 
of  Des  Moines  turned  in  3656  pledges  amount- 
ing to  $16,617.40.  Boys  Scouts  were  also  called 
into  the  campaign  and  they  took  a  very  active 
part,  their  work  resulting  in  3205  subscriptions 
for  a  total  of  $2000.^^7 

Each  day  while  the  canvassing  was  in  prog- 
ress, the  workers  met  at  noon  at  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  for  conference  and  to  make  re- 
ports on  their  work.  Meetings  were  held  each 
day  in  various  districts  and  six  men  were  busy 
every  day  and  evening  talking  to  audiences. 
The  printing  and  allied  trades  held  a  mass 
meeting  on  Wednesday  to  boost  the  Red  Cross 
among  their  members.  Saturday  noon,  instead 
of  attending  the  noon  meeting,  one  team  "was 
parading  the  streets  with  flags  and  blankets 
extended  to  catch  the  coin  thrown  from  office 
building  windows  and  later  returned  to  head- 
quarters with  a  two  gallon  bucket  full  of  money, 
said  to  have  been  given  by  3,204  individ- 
uals, "^^s 

As  a  grand  finale  to  the  campaign  a  large  and 
enthusiastic  mass  meeting  took  place  at  the 
Coliseum  on  Monday  night,  June  25th,  at  which 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     149 

reports  of  the  teams  and  divisions  were  given. 
During  the  soliciting  of  the  workers  many 
articles  had  been  donated  to  the  Red  Cross  in 
lieu  of  money.  These  articles  were  auctioned 
off  at  this  meeting  and  the  sale  w^as  the  source 
of  much  entertainment  as  well  as  considerable 
cash.--*^ 

The  following  newspaper  reporter's  account 
of  the  meeting  is  of  interest : 

You  were  taxed  to  the  limit  if  you  were  there,  and 
past  the  limit  because  you  weren't,  yet  no  one  com- 
plained of  exorbitant  prices.  The  monstrous  auction 
sale  at  the  Coliseum  last  night  which  carried  the  total 
of  the  week's  campaign  for  the  Red  Cross  way  past 
the  $200,000  mark,  might  have  been  cause  for  govern- 
ment investigation,  altho  if  the  purchasers  did  not 
object  to  the  inflated  prices,  who  is  going  to? 

From  a  snowy  kitten  (and  E.  T.  Meredith  was  cor- 
rected by  its  donor  when  he  called  it  a  "cat")  to  a 
driving  horse,  from  a  little  boy's  goat  to  an  antique 
mirror,  articles  went  down  under  the  hammer,  and 
James  C.  Davis,  attorney  for  the  Chicago  &  North- 
western Railway,  to  the  accompaniment  of  barks, 
brays  and  cackles  from  the  "offerings"  behind  the 
scenes,  demonstrated  that  he  had  missed  his  vocation 
and  should  be  crying  sales  instead  of  adjusting  claims. 

Patrieola  of  the  Empress,  who  added  variety  to  the 
introductory  program  with  her  song  "Oh,  Boys, 
Wliere  Do  We  Go  from  Here  1 ' '  started  the  auction  by 
asking  that  the  huge  bouquet  of  roses  which  she  re- 


150  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

ceived  be  offered  for  sale.  Captain  Howell,  with  true 
chivalry,  responded  to  the  appeal  for  bids,  and  pre- 
sented the  young  lady  with  his  purchase,  adding  $25 
to  the  Red  cross  fund. 

"Tiny  B"  the  Shetland  pony  donated  by  10-year- 
old  Mabel  Buckley,  was  first  on  the  block,  and  the 
bids  ran  up  quickly  until  he  was  sold  to  Fred  Sargent, 
attorney  for  the  Rock  Island,  for  $875. 

A  tiny  white  kitten,  ''all  silk,  a  yard  wide,  and 
perfectly  gentle",  found  many  prospective  pur- 
chasers. Walter  St.  John  and  Emil  Schmidt  seemed 
equally  anxious  to  own  her  but  the  city  railway  man 
won  out  and  $25  more  went  into  the  fund.  "And 
I'll  bet  that's  not  the  first  'kitty'  he  ever  ^ot",  the 
auctioneer  remarked,  aside. 

A  steel  engraving  of  the  first  prayer  ever  offered  in 
congress  was  next  offered  for  sale.  "The  Rev.  Jacob 
Ducha  led  the  prayer",  said  Davis;  "he  afterward 
turned  traitor,  and  I  guess  that  is  what  has  been 
wrong  with  congress  ever  since."  Ten  bids  of  $10 
each  added  $100  to  the  fund,  and  delivered  the  curio 
into  the  hands  of  Curator  Harlan. 

Every  time  Mr.  Davis  started  a  "ten  combination" 
with  a  personal  $10  bid,  Robert  Fullerton  and  Charles 
Bradshaw  (tho  absent)  "stood  pat".  Thus  they 
helped  add  two  more  curios  to  the  collection  at  the 
historical  building  —  an  autographed  letter  from 
General  Grant,  and  an  old  album  containing  the  sig- 
natures of  presidents,  generals,  writers  and  other 
prominent  men. 

Captain  Oliver  Hezzlewood,  of  the  Canadian  Re- 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     151 

cruiting  Service,  eager  to  do  his  bit  to  help  Des 
Moines,  donated  a  button  he  wore,  carrying  with  it  a 
life  membership  in  the  Canadian  Red  Cross.  It  was 
worth  $25  to  John  Wallace. 

It  cost  Homer  Miller  $15  because  he  w^asn't  present. 
Mr.  Davis  was  "just  sure"  that  Mr.  Miller  would  be 
inconsolable  if  he  knew  that  he  had  lost  an  oppor- 
tunity to  purchase  an  antique  mirror  in  mahogany 
frame,  so,  acting  as  proxy,  he  paid  $15  of  Mr.  Miller's 
money  for  it.     .     .     . 

An  Airedale,  a  greyhound,  a  horse,  cow  and  a  burro 
then  swelled  the  fund  considerably. 

One  little  boy  from  the  South  Side  carried  a  skinny 
little  white  pup  to  the  Coliseum  as  his  "bit".  Sitting 
on  the  edge  of  the  rostrum  he  announced  to  E.  T. 
Meredith  (Mr.  Davis'  assistant)  that  he  could  "scare 
up"  $2.50  to  bid  on  his  doggie,  and  when  Captain 
Howell  quickly  raised  it  to  $10  the  little  boy  hugged 
his  puppy  and  caressed  it,  hating  to  part  with  it,  but 
glad  that  Captain  Howell  fully  appreciated  the  value 
of  his  pet.  He  was  a  pretty  tickled  little  chap  when 
his  dog  was  returned,  with  "Captain  Howell's  com- 
pliments", and  jumping  up  on  the  stage  he  grinned 
from  ear  to  ear  and  waved  his  cap  in  gratitude. 

Jack  Hood  had  his  eye  on  a  pair  of  Belgian  hares, 
but  he  hardly  thought  them  worth  the  $9  Carl  Kurtz 
forced  him  to  pay  by  bidding  for  him,  so  when  a  tiny 
canary  which  "sang  like  a  nightingale"  went  up  for 
sale,  Mr.  Hood  returned  the  compliment  and  Carl 
Kurtz  now  has  a  $9  songster. 

Mr.  F.  H.  Luthe  thought  a  little  boy's  efforts  at 


152  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

ship  building  worth  $10,  altho  he  frankly  confessed 
he  couldn't  any  more  build  so  fine  a  boat  than  E.  T. 
Meredith  could  knit  the  sweater  Mr.  James  Atkinson 
made,  which  sold  for  $35. 

Dolls  and  lettuce,  cakes,  roosters,  bees,  eggs,  vases 
and  jewelry,  almost  everything  imaginable,  each  in- 
dicative of  some  personal  sacrifice,  followed  each  other 
in  close  succession,  until  the  most  unique  and  success- 
ful auction  ever  held  in  Des  JNIoines  w^^s  brought  to  a 
close.  Every  one  dug  in  his  pockets  till  the  lining 
was  torn.  It  was  the  cause  nearest  their  hearts,  and 
they  had  a  lot  of  fun  thrown  in,  so  why  shouldn't 
they  come  across  f'^so 

One  of  the  most  important  factors  in  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Des  Moines  campaign  was  the  wide 
advertising  it  received,  especially  in  the  news- 
papers. Each  day  while  the  drive  was  in 
progress  the  newspapers  carried  full  page  ad- 
vertisements appealing  to  the  people  to  help 
the  Red  Cross.  Such  were  the  means  of  carry- 
ing the  message  of  the  Red  Cross  to  the  general 
public.  Many  striking  slogans  were  embodied 
in  the  advertisements  to  attract  the  readers. 
"Help  the  American  Red  Cross  help  the  Amer- 
ican Soldier  in  the  field".  "If  you  haven't 
given  till  it  hurts  you  haven't  given  enough". 
* '  Give  your  money  willingly  —  and  do  it  now ' '. 
"Noloody  ever  w^ent  broke  giving  to  charity". 
"Back  the  boys  who  fight.     Give  them  every 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     153 

care".  "You  must  stand  behind  the  man  be- 
hind the  gun".  These  and  other  phrases  were 
put  before  the  people  by  the  advertisements 
which  also  informed  the  people  what  the  Red 
Cross  was  doing  and  hoped  to  do.  Each  of  the 
full  page  advertisements  contained  a  subscrip- 
tion coupon  which  the  readers  were  urged  to 
fill  out  and  send  to  headquarters.  The  space 
for  the  full  page  advertisements  was  all  paid 
for  by  private  individuals  and  business  firms 
of  Des  Moines,  each  advertisement  carrying  the 
name  of  those  who  paid  for  the  space.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  full  page  spaces  much  attention 
was  paid  to  the  campaign  by  the  newspapers  in 
their  news  columns  and  smaller  advertise- 
ments.-^^ 

The  Red  Cross  advertising  campaign  of  Des 
Moines  was  one  of  the  best  in  the  country  in  the 
first  war  fund  drive.  Members  of  the  Admen's 
Club  of  Des  Moines  attributed  not  less  than 
$50,000  of  the  total  amount  raised  "to  the 
tliirty  full  page  advertisements  which,  in  strik- 
ing picture  and  written  words,  carried  convic- 
tion of  its  duty  to  the  public. ' '  In  addition  to 
the  results  of  the  advertising  in  Des  Moines, 
the  extensive  circulation  which  it  had  in  com- 
munities all  over  the  State,  undoubtedly  added 
much  stimulus  to  the  State  campaign  as  a 
whole.-^- 


154  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

So  striking  were  the  Des  Moines  advertise- 
ments that  many  requests  for  copies  of  the 
advertisements  were  received  from  men  and 
newspapers  outside  the  State.  W.  C.  D'Arcy, 
president  of  the  Associated  Advertising  Clubs 
of  the  World,  in  a  letter  to  J.  D.  Le  Cron  of 
Des  Moines,  referred  to  the  wonderful  adver- 
tising done  in  that  city.  He  says:  '*I  thought 
Fort  Worth,  Tex.,  did  a  powerful  thing  for 
Liberty  loan  when  they  published  nineteen  and 
one-half  pages  last  week  and  that  Quincy,  III, 
had  done  her  part  by  buying  eleven  and  one- 
half  pages  but  Des  Moines  has  established  a 
record,  a  wonderful  one."  President  Rankin 
of  Chicago  wrote  to  Des  Moines  for  a  complete 
file  of  its  advertisements  in  the  Liberty  Loan 
and  Red  Cross  campaign  in  book  form  so  that 
he  might  ''show  them  to  the  national  advertis- 
ing board  and  to  Secretary  McAdoo,  a  tangible 
evidence  of  the  wonderful  co-operation  which 
the  government  secured  from  advertising  men, 
from  business  men  and  from  newspaper  men  of 
Des  Moines  ".233 

Numerous  items  of  interest  regarding  the 
Des  Moines  campaign  go  to  show  the  hold  which 
the  Red  Cross  had  come  to  have  upon  the  people 
of  all  classes  and  how  they  all  entered  in  to 
make  the  undertaking  a  real  success.  The  gift 
of  five  dollars  by  a  little  Russian  girl,  the  gift 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     155 

of  ten  dollars  by  a  telephone  operator  who 
received  only  ten  dollars  a  week  and  had  pur- 
chased a  liberty  bond  in  the  drive  just  pre- 
ceding, the  gift  of  six  dollars  by  each  of  four 
bell  boys  at  one  of  the  city's  hotels,  and  many 
other  such  contributions  show  that  those  of 
ample  means  were  not  alone  in  aiding  the  great 
humanitarian  work.  Even  among  the  miners, 
where  many  are  of  foreign  birth,  the  response 
was  most  generous.  Of  those  solicited  eighty- 
five  per  cent  made  subscriptions  and  the  Red 
Cross  fund  was  increased  by  $4000  as  a  conse- 
quence. In  one  miner's  union  of  185  members 
all  but  12  made  some  contribution.  Workers 
engaged  in  canvassing  for  funds  reported  that 
''the  poorer  class  of  people  gave  more  in  pro- 
portion than  the  wealthier  class  and  better 
understood  the  why  and  wherefore  of  the  Red 
Cross."  This  fact  was  noticed  most  by  can- 
vassers in  the  "bottoms"  or  southeastern  part 
of  the  city  where  practically  all  were  working 
people. -^^ 

The  following  instance  not  only  demonstrates 
that  all  kinds  and  classes  of  people  contributed 
to  the  Red  Cross  fund,  but  also  indicates  the 
efficiency  of  Red  Cross  workers  in  offering  them 
a  chance  to  do  so.  A  worker  reported  that 
while  standing  in  front  of  a  store  he  heard  an 
Englishman,  a  negro,  and  a  German,  who  were 


156  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

talking  near  liim,  express  their  intention  of 
remaining  away  from  a  Red  Cross  rally  about 
to  be  lield.  "I  just  resolved  to  give  them  some 
Red  Cross  dope  myself",  he  said,  "and  when  I 
finished  the  Englishman  dug  up  $20,  the  Ger- 
man $5  and  the  darky  $4  for  the  fund."-"^ 

The  campaign  throughout  the  State  was  car- 
ried on  rapidly  and  effectively.  Although  there 
had  been  but  two  weeks  in  which  to  organize 
Iowa,  encouraging  returns  began  to  pour  in 
from  the  very  start.  On  Saturday,  June  23rd, 
Dr.  Kepford  received  a  telegram  of  congratu- 
lation from  0.  B.  Towne,  director  of  the  Central 
Division,  which  at  that  time  was  composed  of 
nine  States.  The  telegram  stated  that  Iowa 
was  in  the  lead  in  its  division.  Sunday,  June 
24th,  was  a  day  of  patriotism,  and  it  was  esti- 
mated that  at  lerist  5000  meetings  were  held  in 
various  parts  of  the  State. -^^  An  historic  flag 
was  unearthed  in  Algona  for  their  rally.  The 
banner  had  been  presented  to  Kossuth  County 
in  1864  for  making  the  largest  pro  rata  con- 
tribution in  the  State  to  the  Fair  held  at 
Dubuque  by  the  Sanitary  Commission.-^^ 

From  all  parts  of  the  State  came  reports  of 
over  subscriptions,  and  it  was  soon  evident  that 
Iowa  would  exceed  its  quota.  Story  County 
with  a  quota  of  $11,000  subscribed  $30,000 ;238 
and  Lucas  County  which  was  apportioned  $4850 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     157 

raised  $21,000  of  which  Chariton  alone  raised 
$8000.-=^^  The  town  of  Wesley  more  than 
doubled  its  quota  of  $1020  by  one  day's 
work;-^^  Silver  City  with  a  population  of  500 
subscribed  $5610  r^^  the  little  village  of  Prosper 
with  a  population  of  only  100  pledged  $1300,  an 
average  of  $13  per  person;-^-  at  Dana,  a  town 
w^ith  200  residents,  a  Red  Cross  chapter  with 
174  members,  thirty  of  whom  were  life  mem- 
bers, was  organized  and  over  $1100  was  pledged 
in  a  few  hours  on  the  Sunday  before  the  drive 
was  to  begiu.-^^ 

Early  in  July,  on  the  basis  of  very  incomplete 
reports,  the  amount  of  money  raised  for  the 
Red  Cross  in  Iowa  stood  at  $1,281,084.49.  Polk 
County  led  the  list  with  subscriptions  of 
$203,000;  Woodbury  County  was  close  behind 
with  $181,000;  then  came  Linn  with  $66,539, 
Black  Hawk  with  $55,000 ;  and  Lee  County  with 
$54,000.--'^ 

The  managers  of  the  first  War  Fund  cam- 
paign for  Iowa  were  undoubtedly  confronted 
with  many  difficulties  not  encountered  in  any 
other  Red  Cross  campaign.  To  begin  with  they 
had  the  experience  of  no  previous  campaign 
from  which  to  profit.  Further,  there  were  no 
well  organized  Red  Cross  societies  over  the 
State  to  conduct  the  drive,  and  so  other  meas- 
ures had  to  be  adopted.    Many  Red  Cross  chap- 


158  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

ters  had  been  or  were  being  organized  at  the 
time  of  the  campaign,  but  they  were  not  gener- 
ally w^ell  enough  organized  to  undertake  the 
management  of  the  intensive  campaign. 

Mr.  Kepford  and  Mr.  Klingaman  were  both 
well  fitted  to  cope  with  the  situation  because  of 
their  wide  acquaintance  over  the  State.  They 
knew  where  to  turn  in  many  localities  to  find 
the  best  men  and  women  to  undertake  the  work. 
Governor  Harding  was  also  an  important  cog 
in  the  machine.  Of  his  part,  Dr.  Kepford  says : 
''There  is  no  disguising  the  fact  that  much  of 
the  success  we  had  ....  in  raising  the 
apportionment  for  Iowa  was  due  to  Governor 
Harding.  He  placed  at  my  disposal  the  state 
machinery  and  sent  out  thousands  of  letters 
over  his  own  signature  and  cooperated  in  every 
way."-'*^  While  the  First  Liberty  Loan  sub- 
scriptions taken  in  Iowa  the  previous  week  were 
only  sixty  per  cent  of  the  assigned  quota,  those 
conducting  the  Red  Cross  undertaking  were 
able  to  go  over  the  top  with  a  large  oversub- 
scription.-**^ 

THE  SECOND  WAR   FUND  DRIVE 

So  great  were  the  demands  upon  the  Red 
Cross  resources  that  the  $100,000,000  fund  was 
soon  seen  to  be  inadequate:  within  a  year  it 
was  necessary  to  go  before  the  people  a  second 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES    159 

time  to  secure  more  money.  The  second  Red 
Cross  campaign  for  funds  was  set  for  the  week 
of  May  20  to  27,  1918.  The  amount  asked  for 
was  $100,000,000  as  in  the  first  drive.  The  plans 
were  made  for  a  more  widespread  appeal,  and 
the  methods  used  in  raising  the  Liberty  Loans 
were  quite  generally  adopted.  The  second 
campaig-n  had  an  advantage  over  the  earlier 
one  in  that  proof  could  be  submitted  to  the 
public  of  services  rendered  instead  of  the  mere 
making  of  promises.  A  pamphlet  describing 
what  had  been  done  with  the  money  subscribed 
in  the  first  drive  had  gone  out  to  each  contrib- 
utor and  to  every  chapter  member. 

The  country  was  assured  that  not  a  dollar  of 
Red  Cross  relief  money  had  ever  gone  astray: 
''every  dollar  —  and  the  interest  which  that 
dollar  earns" — was  used  ''to  bind  a  wound,  or 
buy  an  ambulance,  or  make  a  bandage,  or  put 
clothes  on  a  ragged  child,  or  provide  a  doctor 
and  medicine  for  the  wreck  of  some  woman  sent 
back  to  France  by  the  Germans  to  die."^'*'^ 

A  Campaign  Plan  Book  in  three  parts  was 
issued  by  the  national  authorities  in  which  very 
elaborate  and  detailed  suggestions  were  made 
for  the  conduct  of  local  canvasses.  Sunday, 
May  19th,  was  to  be  Red  Cross  Sunday,  when 
the  ministers  of  all  the  churches  were  to  be 
asked  to  present  the  needs  of  the  work.     On 


160  RED  CROSS  IN  lOAVA 

Monday,  May  20th,  an  opening  dinner  of  all 
teams  was  recommended  for  every  chapter  and 
local  community.  Daily  luncheons  for  team 
captains  and  members  formed  another  regular 
feature  of  the  week;  and  for  the  final  Sunday, 
a  great  union  mass  meeting  was  proposed. 

On  May  18th,  the  Saturday  before  the  open- 
ing of  the  drive,  it  was  planned  to  stage  Red 
Cross  parades  throughout  the  country.  It  was 
realized  that  nothing  could  equal  a  pageant  in 
getting  the  whole  community  to  talking  upon  a 
given  subject.  By  holding  the  parades  on 
Saturday  it  was  felt  the  largest  number  of 
people  would  witness  them.  A  Red  Cross 
Parade  Manual  was  issued  to  all  the  chapters 
with  suggestions  for  organizing  the  parades. 
Some  of  the  suggested  floats  were  those  depict- 
ing the  work  for  refugees,  canteen  service,  home 
service,  and  children's  aid.  Red  Cross  women 
wearing  red  veils  and  the  Junior  Red  Cross 
members  were  to  be  included  in  the  line  of 
march.-^^ 

It  was  early  in  May  that  President  Wilson 
appealed  to  the  people  in  behalf  of  the  second 
Red  Cross  War  Fund  by  issuing  a  proclamation 
declaring  the  week  of  May  20th  Red  Cross  week. 
On  the  day  following  the  President's  proclama- 
tion, the  War  Council  of  the  Red  Cross  issued 
its  appeal  and  explained  why  more  funds  were 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     161 

so  urgently  needed.  According  to  the  closing 
sentences  of  this  appeal  "the  need  for  at  least 
$100,000,000  is  convincing  and  immediate.  The 
Eed  Cross  in  more  than  a  hundred  ways  is  ren- 
dering service  here  and  abroad  that  saves 
human  life  and  maintains  the  fighting  spirit  of 
our  allies.  The  Eed  Cross  must  always  be 
financially  prepared  to  deal  with  unexpected 
emergencies  constantly  arising  from  war  condi- 
tions. In  these  emergencies  immediate  relief  is 
the  only  effective  relief.  Never  has  money  been 
made  to  yield  such  big  returns  in  allaying  pain, 
restoring  happiness,  and  re-creating  useful- 
ness for  our  fellow  human  beings  as  the  Red 
Cross  dollar  of  the  first  war  fund."-'*^ 

The  national  publicity  committee  and  the  di- 
visional committees  launched  a  most  ambitious 
advertising  campaign.  Their  aim  was  to  have 
articles  and  illustrations  dealing  with  Red 
Cross  service  in  every  newspaper  and  every 
periodical  in  the  United  States.  In  addition 
bill  board  advertising,  window  posters,  cards, 
and  booklets  w^ere  to  be  widely  distributed. 
Twelve  pages  of  editorials,  news,  and  educa- 
tional matter,  profusely  illustrated,  Avere  con- 
tributed by  the  best  writers  and  artists  of  the 
country.  Through  the  Western  Newspaper 
Union  these  pages  were  distributed  to  the  daily 
and  weekly  papers.    Provisions  were  also  made 

VOL.  I — 12 


162  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

for  placing  a  number  of  pages  of  display  adver- 
tising before  the  people  to  show  in  condensed 
form  the  work  of  the  Red  Cross,  special  stress 
being  laid  on  two  points  —  the  wonderful  work 
the  Red  Cross  had  done  with  the  first  War 
Fund  and  the  imperative  need  for  the  second 
War  Fund  to  care  for  the  boys  on  the  firing 
line.-^o 

Up  to  February  28, 3  93  9,  collections  from  the 
second  War  Fund  drive  totaled  $169,575,598.84, 
an  oversubscription  of  nearly  seventy  per  cent. 
The  cost  of  the  campaign  and  collection  was 
even  smaller  than  in  the  first  drive  —  less  than 
six-tenths  of  one  per  cent  for  each  dollar  re- 
ceived. Estimates  place  the  number  of  sub- 
scribers to  this  fund  at  43,000,000  persons.  The 
campaign  was  conducted  by  3898  campaign 
committees,  and  8768  banks  were  used  for  de- 
positories.-^^ 

The  Second  War  Fund  Drive  in  loiva. —  The 
Central  Division  was  asked  to  raise  $15,000,000 
as  its  quota.  Bernard  E.  Sunny,  president  of 
the  Chicago  Telephone  Company,  was  appoint- 
ed as  the  director,  with  Lewis  N.  Wiggins 
assistant  and  E.  R.  Cogswell  as  associate  direc- 
tor. Clifford  Arrick  was  put  in  charge  of 
publicity,  and  Wentworth  G.  Field  of  the 
Speakers'  Bureau.^^- 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     163 

Although  the  general  campaign  plans  were 
laid  by  national  officers,  much  was  left  to  be 
done  by  the  divisional  organization.  More  than 
two  hundred  and  fifty  meetings  in  the  Central 
Division  were  supplied  with  speakers  of  na- 
tional reputation  by  the  Central  Division 
Speakers'  Bureau.  This  does  not  include  hun- 
dreds of  smaller  meetings  at  which,  under  ad- 
vice and  assistance  from  the  bureau,  local 
speakers  were  heard.-^^ 

Iowa's  second  Eed  Cross  War  Fund  drive 
was  conducted  under  the  direction  of  State 
Chairman  John  P.  Wallace,  assisted  by  Keller 
J.  Bell  of  the  Western  Silo  Company  of  Des 
Moines.  Chapters  in  the  State  began  early  in 
May  to  organize  for  the  drive,  especially  the 
chapters  in  the  districts  which  had  fallen  down 
in  the  first  campaign.  The  quota  assigned  to 
Iowa  for  the  second  drive  was  $1,500,000.-^^ 

A  proclamation  by  Governor  Harding  desig- 
nated the  week  beginning  May  19th  and  ending 
May  27th  as  Eed  Cross  week.  Sunday  the  19th 
was  set  apart  as  Red  Cross  Sunday,  and  the 
Governor  urged  every  minister  to  devote  at 
least  one  service  to  the  Red  Cross  cause.^^s 

Numerous  speakers  were  sent  through  the 
State  to  create  enthusiasm  before  and  during 
the  drive.  Corporal  Coysh  and  Private  Maskell, 
Canadian  veterans,  made  an  auto  tour  through 


164  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

the  State  and  addressed  large  crowds.  Captain 
W.  Edwards,  an  English  "fighting  parson", 
w^as  likewise  speaking  in  the  State.  Captain 
Edwards  had  been  a  chaplain  in  the  Boer  War; 
had  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the  World  War; 
and  during  four  years  of  service  in  the  trenches 
rose  to  the  rank  of  captain.  Other  men  speak- 
ing in  Iowa  on  behalf  of  the  Red  Cross  were 
Dr.  Martin  D.  Hardin  of  Chicago,  a  member  of 
the  commission  which  visited  the  Italian  and 
French  w^ar  fronts  to  observe  Red  Cross  work 
and  B.  S.  McMullen  from  the  Central  Division 
headquarters. -°® 

In  the  group  of  speakers  were  also  three 
Iowa  boys  who  returned  from  the  trenches  in 
France  to  boost  the  Red  Cross.  These  men 
were  Sergeant  Owen  Hawkins  of  Red  Oak, 
Corporal  Merle  Skinner  of  Ottumw^a,  and  Pri- 
vate Albert  Montgomery  of  Stuart.  There  was 
a  great  demand  for  this  group  and  they  spoke 
to  great  crowds  wherever  they  went.-"'^ 

None  but  volunteer  speakers  were  used  in 
this  State.  In  answer  to  a  proposition  to  send 
a  paid  speaker  —  a  wounded  Canadian  soldier 
—  to  speak  in  Iowa,  Dr.  Kepf ord  replied :  ' '  Our 
state  is  imbued  with  the  idea  of  volunteer  ser- 
vice, expenses  only  being  paid,  and  I  doubt 
w^hether  we  have  a  chapter  that  would  be  will- 
ing to  pay  $50  and  expenses  for  a  speaker  to 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     165 

come  for  the  purpose  of  rousing  patriotic  enthu- 
siasm preparatory  to  the  War  Fund  Drive.  "-°^ 

Based  upon  the  experience  of  the  many  war 
campaigns  previous  to  this  Red  Cross  endeavor, 
many  of  the  counties  and  cities  of  Iowa  had 
developed  regular  organizations  for  the  pur- 
pose. At  this  time  it  was  only  necessary  to  put 
such  organizations  to  work. 

Benton  County  used  the  Council  of  Defense 
organization  to  put  its  campaign  across,  except 
in  the  town  of  Vinton  where  the  Commercial 
Club  was  in  charge.-^^  The  War  Service  Board 
was  an  organization  in  Buena  Vista  County 
which  was  used  by  the  Red  Cross.  All  cam- 
paigns in  the  county  were  conducted  by  this 
body.  It  was  not  a  war  chest  county,  however, 
for  each  drive  was  put  on  separately.-*^^  In 
Henry  County  the  War  Union,  which  had  raised 
the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  fund,  also  managed  the  second 
Red  Cross  War  Fund.-^^ 

Pottawattamie  County  developed  a  system 
which  came  to  be  known  as  the  Pottawattamie 
County  Plan,  although  it  was  very  similar  to  the 
plan  used  in  other  counties.  It  provided  for  a 
''Military  Council"  to  take  charge  of  all  cam- 
paigns in  the  county  for  funds  or  members, 
each  campaign  to  be  put  on  separately.  Other 
counties  were  urged  by  the  State  Council  of 
Defense  to  adopt  such  a  program.-^- 


166  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Some  of  the  smaller  Red  Cross  chapters  met 
their  quotas  from  funds  already  in  the  treasury. 
Kingsley  had  realized  $25,000  from  an  auction 
sale.  The  quota  of  $14,000  was  doubled  and 
paid  from  the  funds  in  the  treasury.-^^  Ban- 
croft likewise  had  considerable  funds  on  hand 
as  a  result  of  auctions,  and  here  again  they 
doubled  their  quota  and  paid  it  from  the  chap- 
ter treasury.-^* 

The  willingness  and  eagerness  of  Iowa  peo- 
ple to  support  the  Red  Cross  in  the  second  War 
Fund  drive  is  evidenced  by  the  success  of  the 
volunteer  methods  wherever  used.  Clarinda 
people  volunteered  their  subscriptions  at  the 
headquarters  at  the  Greater  Clarinda  Club  and 
doubled  their  quota.-^^  Ames  simply  announced 
their  quota  and  asked  the  people  to  report  at 
one  of  twelve  subscription  stations  and  sign  up. 
By  evening  of  the  first  day  $12,063  had  been 
pledged.  The  quota  was  only  $3500.  Over 
1200  subscriptions  were  received  from  a  popu- 
lation of  5000  people.-^^ 

Shenandoah  organized  its  jurisdiction  on  a 
military  plan,  and  the  order  was  given  for  all 
inhabitants  of  the  two  towns  to  gather  at  the 
war  offices  at  six  in  the  morning  and  all  country 
people  of  the  five  townships  at  the  school 
houses.  All  subscriptions  were  refused  until 
the  hour  for  beginning.    ''The  people  began  to 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     167 

gather  as  early  as  5:30,  and  all  that  remained 
to  do  was  to  accept  their  money  and  give  re- 
ceipts. Not  a  single  solicitor  was  sent  out.  The 
receipts  were  all  written  by  9  o'clock,  and  the 
campaign  had  succeeded.  "-'^'^ 

There  was  at  least  one  chairman  of  an  Iowa 
chapter,  who  seemed  to  think  the  only  way  to 
get  the  money  was  to  go  out  after  it.  "What  is 
needed",  according  to  this  man,  "is  solicitors  to 
buttonhole  folks.  All  the  publicity  in  the  world 
will  not  reach  a  man  and  cause  him  to  rush  up 
with  his  gift.  Someone  has  to  see  him,  and,  if  I 
do  say  it  myself,  I  have  a  dern  good  bunch  of 
Eed  Cross  beggars  all  over  the  county,  and  they 
will  be  on  the  job."-^^ 

Des  Moines  proceeded  as  in  previous  drives 
to  use  its  teams  of  men  and  women.  The  forces 
used  were  "the  trained  veterans  of  more  than  a 
year's  campaigning  —  the  great  standing  army 
of  the  citizenry"  of  the  city.  Twenty-six  teams 
of  men  canvassed  the  business  districts,  and  the 
women  cared  for  the  residences  by  means  of  the 
block  system  which  had  been  previously  per- 
fected. Three  days  were  enough  to  complete 
the  task.  Twenty  thousand  subscribers  pledged 
two  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  dollars. ^^^ 

A  great  Red  Cross  parade  was  held  in  the 
city  on  the  first  day  of  the  drive.  In  the  line  of 
march  were  over  12,000  persons,  including  700O 


168  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

children  on  foot,  1000  more  in  automobiles,  and 
over  1500  nurses.  There  were  twenty  decorated 
floats  and  thirty  motor  trucks.  Music  was  fur- 
nished by  three  military  bands  and  two  fife  and 
drum  corps.  The  parade  was  five  miles  in 
length  and  a  crowd  estimated  at  35,000  were  on 
the  streets  to  watch  it  pass.-'^^ 

Sioux  City  and  Woodbuiy  County  staged  an 
enthusiastic  and  successful  campaign.  Teams 
with  a  captain  or  captains  in  charge  of  each 
were  named  to  do  the  soliciting.  Ten  teams 
worked  in  the  city  and  twenty-four  in  the  rest 
of  the  county.  In  the  city  the  purpose  was  to 
get  from  each  individual  a  subscription  equal 
to  the  wages  for  ten  minutes  a  day  for  a  year, 
while  in  the  county  the  canvassers  aimed  to 
secure  from  each  subscriber  a  sum  equal  to  five 
per  cent  of  the  quota  set  for  him  in  the  third 
liberty  loan.-^^ 

Woodbury  County's  quota  was  $125,000. 
From  the  first  it  was  evident  that  the  quota 
would  be  greatly  exceeded.  Announcement  was 
made  that  the  chapter  wished  to  raise  as  much 
as  possible  with  the  understanding  that  all 
above  the  quota  of  $125,000  would  be  retained 
for  the  local  chapter  to  be  used  for  home  ser- 
vice, buying  material  for  supplies,  and  other 
necessary  chapter  expenses.  The  fund  grew 
rapidly  and  it  was  a  very  short  time  until  the 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     169 

quota  was  readied  and  passed.  Final  figures 
gave  the  county  credit  for  having  raised  about 
$425,000.  Of  this  amount,  $350,000  came  out  of 
Sioux  City  and  $75,000  from  the  county  outside 
the  city.2^2 

About  one-third  the  population  of  Sioux  City 
was  listed  among  the  subscribers.  The  average 
subscription  for  those  giving  to  the  fund  w^as 
$16,  while  for  the  population  as  a  whole  the 
average  was  $5.50  for  each  person.  All  classes 
and  all  nationalities  joined  in  the  giving. 
Everyone  seemed  anxious  to  do  his  part.  In- 
stead of  the  usual  grind,  soliciting  proved  to  be 
a  real  pleasure.  A  solicitor  who  had  worked  in 
the  War  Fund  drive  for  the  previous  year  re- 
marked that  last  year  '4t  was  work,  but  this 
year  it  was  a  pleasure  ".-^^ 

Many  novel  schemes  were  resorted  to  by  the 
teams  to  bring  in  the  money.  Twenty-five 
picked  beeves,  donated  by  the  Traders'  Ex- 
change, were  auctioned  off  at  the  stock  yards 
and  after  being  sold  and  resold,  brought 
$28,000.  One  team  conducted  a  kangaroo  court. 
*' Minor  infractions  of  nonexistent  ordinances 
and  trivial  breaches  of  street  etiquette ' '  landed 
practically  all  acquaintances  of  the  workers  of 
the  team  in  the  court.  Fines  ranged  from  $1  to 
$4.  Another  team  engineered  a  "raid"  on  an 
evening  performance  of  the  Orpheum  theatre. 


170  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

' '  Visiting  bankers  who  attended  in  a  body  were 
summoned  individually  by  members  of  a  Ku 
Klux  Klan  and  were  forced  to  deliver  to  the 
show  girls  and  Red  Cross  workers  ten  per  cent 
of  all  money  they  had  in  their  possession.  Four 
phoney  policemen  guarded  the  exits  during  the 
assessment.""'^'* 

During  the  week  of  the  drive  many  of  the 
fines  in  the  Sioux  City  police  court  were  given 
to  the  Red  Cross  by  vote  of  the  City  Council. 
Early  in  the  week  it  w^as  announced  that  this 
policy  would  be  followed  and  the  newspapers 
urged  everyone  to  get  "pinched"  and  thus  help 
the  Red  Cross.  Prisoners  were  allowed  to 
choose  whether  their  fine  money  should  go  to 
the  city  or  the  Red  Cross.  In  case  they  pre- 
ferred to  give  it  to  the  Red  Cross  the  fines  were 
suspended  on  the  police  court  docket.  If  the 
prisoner  did  not  see  fit  to  favor  the  Red  Cross 
he  had  to  pay  it  to  the  city.^^^ 

Causing  no  small  interest  was  the  announce- 
ment of  the  "Red  Cross  Jazz  Riot".  A  couple 
of  days  after  the  opening  of  the  campaign  the 
Jazz  Riot  was  announced  in  the  papers.  But 
from  the  announcement  it  can  be  seen  that  some 
doubt  was  left  as  to  the  nature  of  the  riot. 

Around  the  Red  Cross  headquarters  everyone  is 
whispering  the  question,  ''Have  you  heard  of  the  Red 
Cross  Jazz  Riot?" 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     171 

Nothing  more  than  that  —  no  information  as  to  the 
meaning  of  the  question  —  no  data  bearing  on  the 
meaning  of  the  term  "Red  Cross  Jazz  Riot". 

No  one  knows  who  started  the  whispered  question. 
No  one  can  saj^  apparently  what  the  question  leads  to. 
The  men  and  women  who  first  broached  the  question 
merely  suggested  "it's  coming"  and  allowed  head- 
quarters attaches  to  grope  in  the  dark  for  the  answer. 

Next  to  "Ten  Minutes"  the  Red  Cross  Jazz  Riot 
problem  is  easily  the  greatest  "what  is  it?"  of  the 
present  campaign.  What  Jazz  Riot  has  to  do  with 
the  Red  Cross  is  a  mystery  deeper  than  the  present 
whereabouts  of  Mona  Lisa. 

The  headquarters  announces  that  the  riot  is  permit- 
ted. The  police  department  is  not  going  to  call  for 
reserves.  Mayor  Short  is  going  about  his  duties  as  a 
team  captain  unperturbed  and  yet 

Its  coming —  The  Red  Cross  Jazz  Riot.  Everyone 
whispers  the  news.  Everyone  looks  puzzled.  If  you 
have  a  score  to  even  with  a  friend  just  ask  this  friend : 

"Have  you  heard  of  the  Red  Cross  Jazz  Riot?" 

Then  look  up  the  railroad  schedule  for  Cherokee  — 
because  the  mystery  of  this  "what  is  it?"  will  not  be 
disclosed  until  tomorrow. 

By  the  way  of  helping  to  a  solution  The  Journal  has 
it  on  the  best  of  authority,  namely,  that  of  the  press 
agent,  that  the  Jazz  Riot  has  to  do  with  the  following : 

An  automobile. 

A  barrel  of  oil. 

Peanuts. 

Red  Cross  nurses. 


172  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Thoroughbred  chickens. 
A  sheep. 

American  hot  clogs. 
Vaudeville  teams. 
Seventh  and  Douglas  streets. 
A  day  in  the  week. 
Midnight. 

Now  you  know  all  about  the  Red  Cross  Jazz  Riot  — 
What  is  it?2T6 

The  Jazz  Riot  came.  With  it  came  joy,  jazz, 
and  jubilation  and  $10,000  for  the  War  Fund. 
A  parade  through  the  business  district  at  noon 
on  Saturday,  May  25th,  started  the  riot.  There 
followed  twelve  hours  of  auction  sales,  side 
shows,  dances,  confetti,  and  jazz  music.  The 
streets  around  the  city  auditorium  were  lined 
with  booths  offering  all  sorts  of  attractions; 
within  the  auditorium  dancing  was  continuous 
from  1  P.  M.  until  midnight.  During  the  after- 
noon an  auction  sale  was  a  feature.  Governor 
Harding  was  on  hand  and  opened  the  sale  by 
disposing  of  the  first  fifty  stars  on  a  large 
county  service  flag.  This  brought  in  nearly 
$5000  and  furnished  the  only  serious  moments 
of  the  day.  Donated  articles  to  be  sold  at  the 
auction  ranged  from  a  peanut  to  an  automobile 
and  a  load  of  hay.  A  three-horse  team,  a  load 
of  coal,  a  wedding  ring,  a  shaved  dog,  a  pair  of 
socks  made  from  its  hair,  and  a  crazy  quilt 
made  in  1876  were  among  the  articles  sold.^^^ 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     173 

From  the  opening  day  of  the  Iowa  campaign 
it  was  only  a  question  of  how  much  the  State 
quota  would  be  oversubscribed.  Reports  of 
large  oversubscriptions  at  once  began  to  pour 
into  the  office  of  Mr.  Wallace.  Just  a  few  of  the 
reports  tell  the  story.  Algona  raised  $6000  the 
first  day  although  its  quota  was  $4000.  Tipton 
with  a  quota  of  $17,000  went  over  the  top  the 
first  day ;  Belmond  required  only  until  noon  of 
the  opening  day  to  secure  $5400,  when  their 
quota  was  only  $2000;  Kossuth  County  raised 
its  quota  of  $18,000  and  was  still  going  at  the 
end  of  one  day's  work;  and  Wayne  County  in 
the  same  time  doubled  a  quota  of  $10,000.  At 
the  close  of  the  campaign  Iowa  had  raised 
$2,700,000  or  eighty  per  cent  oversubscription. 
Polk  County  led  the  State  in  the  amount  raised 
with  $255,204.43  or  $105,304.43  over  its  quota. 
Kossuth,  Wayne,  Guthrie,  Dubuque,  and  Ida 
counties  all  registered  oversubscriptions  of 
more  than  one  hundred  per  cent.  In  fact  every 
county  raised  its  quota.  More  individual  sub- 
scriptions were  registered  than  in  any  previous 
campaign.-'^^ 

So  thoroughly  had  the  Red  Cross  spirit  seized 
the  State  of  Iowa  by  this  time  that  even  the 
products  of  the  soil  began  to  show  evidences  of 
it.  A  Red  Cross  ear  of  corn  was  the  unique 
product  of  a  field  in  Marshall  County.    It  was 


174  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

an  ear  of  what  is  known  as  calico  corn,  most  of 
the  kernels  being  white,  mottled  with  spots  of 
red.  In  the  center  of  this  ear,  however,  there 
were  two  rows  of  deep  red  kernels,  each  row 
containing  twelve  kernels,  while  midway  along- 
side of  each  of  these  rows  were  four  deep  red 
kernels,  making  an  almost  perfect  cross.  By 
holding  the  ear  of  corn  a  few  feet  distant  from 
the  eye,  the  red  cross  stood  out  ''as  promi- 
nently as  though  painted  upon  the  white  cap  of 
a  nurses 's  uniform.  "^'^^ 

DISPOSITION  OF  WAR  FUNDS 

The  funds  obtained  from  the  drives  were  di- 
\dded  between  the  chapters  and  national  head- 
quarters under  arrangements  permitting  the 
assignment  to  each  chapter,  for  local  war  w^ork 
exclusively,  of  not  more  than  twenty-five  per 
cent  of  that  collected  within  its  territory. 
Chapters  received  18.5  per  cent  from  the  first 
drive  and  19.3  per  cent  from  the  second  —  a 
total  of  $53,800,000.  Money  from  the  two  War 
Fund  drives  furnished  the  major  proportion  of 
the  funds  with  which  Red  Cross  relief  work 
was  carried  on  both  in  the  United  States  and 
abroad.  The  war  funds  could  be  used  for  noth- 
ing but  relief  work.  As  a  result  of  interest 
earnings  more  than  $1.01  was  made  available 
for  war  relief  from  everv  dollar  collected.-^" 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     175 

On  February  28,  1919,  there  was  $88,879,- 
857.60  in  the  War  Fund  still  available  for 
appropriation.  These  unappropriated  funds, 
however,  were  being  rapidly  utilized.  They 
represented  the  only  available  resource  for  new 
undertakings  and  for  carrying  on  the  great  bulk 
of  the  work  previously  undertaken.  The  Red 
Cross  was  committed  to  a  continuation  of  its 
service  in  practically  all  lines,  many  of  which 
were  then  still  expanding.-^^ 

THE  RED  CROSS  AND  WAR  CHESTS 

With  the  development  of  the  war  chest  idea 
the  Red  Cross  was  asked  to  join  in  the  move- 
ment. The  war  chest  "may  be  defined  as  an 
attempt  to  raise  in  one  campaign  of  short  dura- 
tion sufficient  money  to  meet  for  one  year  a 
city's  quota  of  national  and  local  war  relief 
funds. "'^-  There  were  so  many  organizations 
putting  on  campaigns  for  funds  for  war  work 
that  communities  were  tiring  of  them.  By  the 
war  chest  plan  all  such  campaigns  could  be  con- 
solidated into  one  big  one  and  the  task  would  be 
over.  Each  organization  could  then  be  given  its 
quota  from  the  general  fund  and  a  great  amount 
of  time  and  expense  would  thereby  be  saved. 

One  has  no  difficulty  in  seeing  how  such  an 
idea  would  appeal  to  a  great  many  people.  It 
certainly  seems,  on  first  thought,  to  otfer  a  most 


176  KED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

desirable  solution  for  a  very  perplexing  situa- 
tion. Many  cities,  towns,  and  counties  over  the 
country  adopted  some  form  of  the  war  chest  and 
put  it  in  operation.  Many  more  gave  the  plan 
a  great  deal  of  consideration.  Although  the 
plan  appeared  desirable  at  its  inception  and 
was  used  with  a  degree  of  satisfaction  in  some 
cases,  it  did  not  prove  satisfactory  to  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross.  The  Red  Cross  declared  itself 
as  opposed  to  the  war  chest  and  exerted  its  in- 
fluence to  keep  its  chapters  from  participating 
where  this  plan  was  adopted. -^^ 

Among  the  Red  Cross  objections  to  the  war 
chest,  the  following  are  emphasized  in  the  Cen- 
tral Division  Bulletin.  It  was  never  possible  to 
tell  what  the  needs  of  the  Red  Cross  were  going 
to  be,  even  for  a  few  months  in  advance,  which 
made  it  dangerous  to  set  the  amount  to  be 
raised  during  any  future  period.  In  the  second 
War  Fund  some  of  the  Red  Cross  chapters 
which  had  entered  into  war  chests  found  it  ex- 
tremely embarrassing  when  they  had  to  go  be- 
fore their  communities  and  ask  for  additional 
subscriptions  to  meet  their  quotas.  Further  it 
was  felt  that  a  Red  Cross  chapter  ought  not  to 
be  obliged  to  look  to  a  war  chest  committee  for 
the  necessary  funds  to  conduct  its  activities,  for 
fear  it  might  lose  its  flexibility  and  become  re- 
stricted to  the  wishes  of  a  committee  possibly 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     177 

not  having  the  full  realization  of  Red  Cross 
needs. 

Great  emphasis  was  laid  on  the  educational 
value  of  the  campaigns.  Each  organization  had 
a  story  to  tell.  The  war  chest  limited  the  op- 
portunities of  telling  these  stories.  Since  the 
Red  Cross  hoped  to  profit  in  peace  times  by  its 
war  campaigns,  it  refused  to  lose  its  identity  in 
a  combination  of  organizations.  Again  the  Red 
Cross  was  on  a  basis  slightly  different  from 
other  organizations.  It  was  duly  authorized  by 
an  act  of  Congress.  Its  accounts  were  audited 
by  the  War  Department.  The  President  of  the 
United  States  was  its  official  head.  Hence  there 
was  a  feeling  that  the  Red  Cross  should  be 
exceedingly  careful  in  delegating  its  authority 
or  permitting  chapters  to  become  subservient  or 
dependent  upon  any  other  organization. 

Not  for  a  moment  did  the  Red  Cross  question 
the  motives  of  the  sponsors  of  the  war  chest 
idea.  But  the  Red  Cross  had  such  tremendous 
responsibilities  that  it  felt  it  needed  the  enthusi- 
astic personal  support  of  everyone.  This  sup- 
port could  be  secured  and  maintained  only  by 
an  adequate  realization  of  the  individuality  of 
the  Red  Cross  and  the  magnitude  of  its  work.-^* 

The  Red  Cross  was  more  than  ever  convinced 
of  the  undesirability  of  the  war  chest  after  the 
second  War  Fund  drive.     George  B.  Stadden, 

VOL.  I — 13 


178  RED'  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

State  manager  for  Illinois  in  the  second  War 
Fund  drive,  had  the  following  to  say  when  the 
drive  closed: 

''My  conclusions  are  that  it  [War  Chest]  is 
detrimental  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Red 
Cross,  in  fact,  all  war  activities,  as  it  is  not  con- 
ducive to  the  highest  patriotic  endeavor  and 
chapters  should  be  discouraged  from  entering 
the  plan."-^^  The  following  came  from  the 
secretary  of  a  chapter  using  the  war  chest  plan : 

I  will  be  frank  and  say  that  my  opinion  has  been 
changed  somewhat  since  the  beginning  of  our  cam- 
paign for  the  War  Chests,  for  I  have  begun  to  see  that 
our  people  take  it  as  a  matter  of  course  that  we  will 
do  our  part  in  various  war  activities  and  are  resting 
easy  now  that  they  feel  that  the  money  has  been 
raised.  This  is  not  a  time  to  rest  easy  for  we  want  to 
be  thinking  every  minute  of  the  many  things  that 
must  be  done  if  we  are  going  to  win  the  war,  and  I 
believe  the  War  Chest  idea,  if  it  became  prevalent 
over  the  country,  might  cause  a  decrease  in  that  patri- 
otic fervor  that  must  be  maintained  in  the  hearts  and 
minds  of  our  people  if  we  are  to  succeed  in  the  great 
task  we  have  undertaken.  I  believe  a  campaign  for 
the  Red  Cross  stimulates  a  general  interest  in  the  work 
of  the  organization  and  keeps  our  people  posted  on  its 
needs  and  activities.^^^ 

Results  of  the  Illinois  campaign  for  the  sec- 
and  War  Fund  were  another  argument  against 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     179 

the  war  chest.  Communities  using  the  war 
chest  made  this  showing :  one  did  not  report  its 
quota  raised  until  July,  six  oversubscribed 
slightly,  six  gave  exactly  the  amount  asked,  and 
one  did  not  quite  make  its  quota.  "According 
to  the  above  figures,  if  the  entire  state  had  been 
under  the  war  chest  plan,  the  Red  Cross  would 
have  received  about  $1,000,000  less  than  it  did 
receive  and  in  addition  the  educational  value 
and  patriotic  stimulus  of  the  campaign  would 
have  been  lost,  for  communities  having  war 
chests  did  not  use  the  publicity  material,  as  a 
rule."^^^  Many  chapters  of  the  Central  Divi- 
sion which  had  adopted  the  war  chest  aban- 
doned it  about  the  time  of  the  second  War  Fund 
drive. -^^ 

Several  Iowa  Red  Cross  chapters  adopted 
plans  similar  to  the  war  chest.  Webster  County 
was  the  first  to  try  the  plan.  Des  Moines,  Jones, 
Delaware,  and  Louisa  counties  were  among 
those  that  followed  suit.  Considerable  success 
seems  to  have  attended  some  of  the  ventures, 
but  the  plan  was  not  widely  used  in  the  State 
and  was  not  supported  by  State  officials. -^^ 

Among  the  cities  of  the  State  which  refused 
to  accept  the  war  chest  after  a  careful  exam- 
ination was  Des  Moines.  These  objections  to 
the  plan  were  outlined  by  members  of  the  Des 
Moines  Chamber  of  Commerce : 


180  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

1.  There  is  nothing  like  constant  campaigning  to 
preserve  the  highest  type  of  patriotic  zeal  and  fervor 
in  the  community. 

2.  There  is  no  reason  for  taking  the  sentiment  out 
of  campaigns;  and  the  so-called  "war  chest"  makes 
the  act  of  giving  money  for  war  purposes  a  deliberate 
act. 

3.  But  even  that  does  not  rob  the  tendency  to  con- 
sider less  carefully  the  fine  points  of  any  proposed 
campaign  or  request  for  funds  if  the  fund  is  in  hand 
and  a  check  book  lying  on  the  table. 

4.  There  is  always  danger  that  the  fund  acquired 
in  a  "  war  chest ' '  will  run  out  prior  to  the  time  limit 
set  in  the  campaign;  and  then  the  campaigners  are 
absolved  from  going  again  to  the  public.  If  they  do 
so,  they  encounter  demurring  and  complaint,  natur- 
ally. 

5.  The  whole  plan  is  wrong  in  principle,  and  has 
as  its  only  argument  conservation  of  time.  There  is 
nothing  especially  worthy  in  the  plan  except  that 
fact;  which  does  not  outweigh  the  many  objections.^^*^ 

John  P.  Wallace,  who  had  charge  of  raising 
the  second  War  Fund  in  Iowa,  was  convinced  as 
a  result  of  the  drive  that  the  war  chest  was  not 
desirable.  "The  war  chest  plan",  he  writes, 
''almost  takes  entirely  out  of  the  campaign  the 
spirit  of  giving.  People  sign  the  pledge  cards, 
many  times  under  compulsion,  even  though  they 
may  not  seem  to  do  so,  others  are  glad  to  sig-n 
them  because  it  means  they  are  getting  off  with 


NATIONAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES     181 

a  few  dollars".  It  was  absolutely  opposed  to 
Ked  Cross  principles  to  resort  to  force  or  any 
coercive  methods  to  secure  members  or  funds. 
Red  Cross  officials  found  it  necessary  in  a  few 
cases  to  protest  against  the  use  of  such  meth- 
ods in  lowa.-^^ 

''If  all  counties  had  adopted  the  war  chest 
plan  we  w^ould  have  raised  the  $1,500,000,  no 
more,  no  less",  declares  Mr.  Wallace.  "There 
would  have  been  no  enthusiasm  which  over- 
subscriptions in  the  various  chapters  as  high  as 
250  per  cent,  have  given.  We  would  have  had 
the  small  satisfaction  of  doing  '  our  bit '  and  not 
the  large  satisfaction  of  having  done  'our  best'. 
While  the  money  in  the  Red  Cross  campaign  is 
important  and  very  necessary,  even  of  more 
importance  is  the  taking  of  the  Red  Cross  mes- 
sage to  the  people  in  every  community." 

The  best  plan  to  be  followed  in  campaigns,  in 
Mr.  Wallace's  view,  called  for  each  community 
to  organize  thoroughly  with  the  strongest,  most 
unselfish,  and  biggest  man  of  the  community  at 
the  head.  Let  him  appoint  on  his  staff  two  or 
three  or  five  other  men  to  form  an  executive 
committee.  Let  this  committee  organize  each 
town  by  districts,  each -county  by  townships,  and 
even  each  township  by  school  districts,  appoint- 
ing a  captain  for  each  town  district  and  for 
each  township.    Have  the  organization  so  com- 


182  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

plete  that  when  a  call  comes  for  a  campaign  all 
that  needs  to  be  done  is  to  tell  the  workers  what 
is  wanted.  Such  an  organization  should  be  con- 
sidered essential,  but  it  should  conduct  separate 
campaigns  and  not  try  to  conduct  one  campaign 
for  all  purposes.^^^ 


VII 

Financing  Local  Organizations 

No  small  amount  of  money  was  needed  by  the 
chapters,  branches,  and  auxiliaries  in  upholding 
their  part  of  the  Red  Cross  program.  Greatest 
among  their  expenses  were  those  for  making 
relief  articles,  but  other  activities  such  as  the 
canteen  service,  home  service,  disaster  relief, 
and  public  health  nursing  made  heavy  inroads 
on  local  funds.  The  local  organizations 
financed  all  their  local  activities  from  their  own 
treasury.^^^ 

One  source  of  income  for  chapters  was  from 
membership  dues.  Each  chapter  received  a 
certain  per  cent  of  all  membership  dues  collect- 
ed in  its  jurisdiction.  Chapters  were  also 
entitled  to  a  refund  of  not  more  than  twenty- 
five  per  cent  from  all  money  raised  in  their 
territory  in  the  .two  War  Fund  drives,  although 
many  chapters  never  asked  for  such  refunds. 
Income  from  the  above  sources  was  not  as  a 
rule  sufficient  to  meet  all  chapter  needs,  how- 
ever, and  other  means  of  raising  money  such  as 
entertainments,  auction  sales,  and  subscriptions 
were  used. 

183 


184  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Eed  Cross  regulations  forbid  the  use  of  cer- 
tain money  raising*  schemes  that  are  often  used 
in  similar  emergencies.  Chain  letters  were  pro- 
hibited and  tag  days  discouraged.  Chapters  or 
branches  were  not  permitted  to  make  arrange- 
ments with  any  merchant  to  receive  a  share  of 
his  profit  or  in  any  other  way  commercialize  the 
name  of  the  Red  Cross.  Professionally  pro- 
moted entertainments  were  looked  upon  with 
much  disfavor,  and  no  company  or  individual 
was  permitted  to  hold  performances  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Eed  Cross  without  arranging  with 
the  Red  Cross  chapter  of  the  community. 

National  Headquarters  was  definitely  op- 
posed to  any  games,  lotteries,  raffles,  or  any 
form  of  appeal  possessing  gambling  features. 
Ticket-selling  methods  of  raising  money  were 
frowned  upon.  The  desire  of  the  Red  Cross 
was  that  the  public  be  not  harassed  by  too  many 
and  too  small  appeals.  The  Red  Cross  did  not 
want  to  be  associated  with  "small  change"  or 
undignified  methods  of  raising  funds. -^^ 

A  method  of  financing  chapters  that  was 
highly  approved  by  the  Red  Cross  officials  was 
by  personal  subscriptions.  At  a  Central  Divi- 
sion conference  in  November,  1917,  it  was  sug- 
gested that  chapters  seek  to  finance  themselves 
until  the  next  War  Fund  campaign  by  quietly 
securing  monthly  pledges  exclusively  for  chap- 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES        185 

ter  work.     The  plan  was  used  successfully  in 
many  places. -^^ 

Occasionally  questions  came  up  as  to  the  uses 
to  which  chapter  funds  could  be  put.  Definite 
rules  were  laid  down  by  National  Headquarters 
covering  these  points,  but  these  rules  were  not 
always  followed.  The  Central  Division  Bulletin 
announced  that  it  was  not  proper  to  make  use 
of  chapter  funds  for  building  or  helping  to 
finance  hospitals,  convalescent  homes,  or  other 
permanent  institutions.  Furthermore  it  was 
contrary  to  Red  Cross  policy  to  make  contribu- 
tions from  chapter  funds  to  other  relief  organ- 
izations. In  short  the  Red  Cross  chapter  funds 
were  to  be  used  only  in  the  particular  lines 
mapped  out  by  those  at  Washington.-"*^ 

FINANCING  LOCAL  ORGANIZATIONS  IN   IOWA 

As  in  other  States,  the  many  local  units  of 
the  Red  Cross  in  Iowa  usually  found  the  returns 
from  dues  and  the  War  Fund  drives  insufficient. 
Many  chapters  in  Iowa  never  asked  for  their 
refund  from  the  War  Fund,  preferring  to  raise 
their  money  in  other  ways  and  thereby  give 
more  money  for  the  national  organization. 
Numerous  and  interesting  methods  of  raising 
funds  were  tried  throughout  Iowa.  In  some 
cases  chapters  undertook  to  raise  money  to 
finance  their  branches  and  auxiliaries ;  in  other 


186  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

cases  the  brandies  and  auxiliaries  undertook  to 
secure  their  own  funds.  Consequently  some  of 
the  money  raising  plans  were  developed  by 
chapters,  others  by  their  branches  or  auxili- 
aries ;  but  in  any  case  it  was  for  the  purpose  of 
financing  Eed  Cross  activities  in  Iowa  com- 
munities. 

Auction  Sales. —  Auction  sales  seem  to  have 
been  the  most  common  practice.  Such  sales 
were  held  in  communities  all  through  the  State 
and  were  usually  successful.  A  great  deal  of 
money  was  raised  in  this  way  and  much  Red 
Cross  enthusiasm  engendered.  A  few  instances 
of  auction  sales  taken  at  random  from  many, 
many  such  sales  tend  to  show  the  results  ob- 
tained. Tama  raised  $1300,  Ida  Grove  $5000, 
Kingsley  $35,000,  Le  Mars  $44,000,  West  Lib- 
erty $11,500,  Casey  $2500,  Riceville  $3617,  and 
Winnebago  County  $18,000.  Hinton,  in  Ply- 
mouth County,  with  a  population  of  only  291, 
raised  $40,000.-^' 

Different  plans  were,  of  course,  used  in  dif- 
ferent places.  At  Ida  Grove,  on  February  22, 
1918,  a  sale  of  donated  goods  was  held.  The 
articles  contributed  included  live  stock,  poultry, 
seed  corn,  potatoes,  provisions,  and  all  sorts  of 
merchandise.  Five  thousand  dollars  was  real- 
ized from  the  sale.    So  great  were  the  donations 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES    187 

to  a  sale  at  Algona  that  it  was  necessary  to 
continue  the  sale  a  second  day.  The  same  thing 
was  true  at  Traer  where  it  was  estimated  that 
more  than  a  carload  of  material  was  donated  to 
be  sold  for  the  cause.  A  fund  of  $10,000  was 
raised  in  Winnebago  County  by  subscriptions, 
and  with  this  money  goods  were  purchased  for 
an  auction  which  realized  over  $18,000.-®^ 

That  the  people  responded  most  generously 
in  the  purchase  of  goods  at  these  sales  is  wit- 
nessed by  the  large  amounts  paid  for  particular 
commodities.  In  many  cases  the  large  price  at- 
tributed to  a  particular  article  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  object  was  sold  many  times,  being  re- 
turned each  time  by  the  purchaser  to  be  sold 
again. 

One  pound  of  butter  sold  for  $567  at  Marble 
Eock.  A  pumpkin  pie  brought  $42.85  at  Tama ; 
while  at  Woodward  58  cakes,  one  for  each  sol- 
dier from  the  town,  brought  $500.  At  Kingsley 
the  sale  of  a  $50  liberty  bond  raised  $24,000 
and  at  the  same  sale  a  goat  was  sold  for  $1516, 
and  a  goose  egg  for  $615.  In  selling  the  bond 
there  were  180  bids  of  $100,  four  of  $125,  and 
many  more  from  $25  to  $100.  The  bond  was 
later  presented  to  the  mother  of  the  first  Kings- 
ley  boy  killed  in  France.  At  Algona,  buffalo 
meat  sold  at  from  $2  to  $10  a  pound;  while  a 
choice  cut,  sent  to  the  Governor  of  the  State, 
cost  the  purchaser  $102.-^^ 


188  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

''Fowl"  means  were  often  used  to  raise 
money.  A  rooster  ''worth  75  cents"  brought 
$1200  at  Grinnell.  A  resident  of  Newell  raised 
a  turkey  for  the  Red  Cross  which  sold  for  $4000, 
after  which  a  committee  was  named  to  present 
it  to  President  Wilson.  In  Cass  County  a  single 
rooster  was  reported  to  have  been  sold  over 
5500  times  with  such  good  results  that  the 
rooster  was  reported  to  be  getting  "cocky" 
over  his  accomplishment.  The  lowest  amount 
realized  at  any  sale  was  $107.50  and  the  highest 
$7316.50.  He  raised  $27,300.00  in  twelve  sales. 
The  Storm  Lake  chapter  realized  $8500  from  a 
goose  which  was  later  presented  to  Governor 
Harding.^*^^ 

"Abraham  Lincoln"  and  "Jack  Pershing" 
were  two  birds  with  a  wide  reputation  in  the 
State  during  the  war.  "Jack  Pershing"  was  a 
rooster  belonging  to  the  chapter  at  Fontanelle, 
which  was  sold  hundreds  of  times  at  different 
sales.  By  April,  1918,  the  amount  paid  in  on 
bids  was  $15,770.  "Lincoln"  was  a  goose  which 
sold  for  $57  at  a  sale  of  the  Lincoln  Township 
branch  of  the  Madison  County  chapter.  Later 
it  was  offered  to  other  chapters  for  similar  pur- 
poses. Adair  County  challenged  Madison 
County  to  a  contest  for  the  goose  at  a  patriotic 
day  celebration  on  Thanksgiving.  The  county 
pledging  the  most  to  its  Red  Cross  chapter  was 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES        189 

to  get  the  goose.  Handbills  in  Madison  County 
announced  that  the  two  counties  would  meet  in 
a  ''Fight  To  A  Finish".  The  posters  carried 
pictures  of  the  goose  and  urged  everyone  to 
make  a  pledge  to  their  Red  Cross.  Adair 
County  won  "Lincoln",  having  raised  $2950  to 
$2508  for  Madison  County.^o^ 

Selling  service  flags  or  stars  on  service  flags 
was  another  popular  method  of  replenishing 
Red  Cross  treasuries.  When  the  Riceville 
chapter  needed  money  someone  offered  to  sell  a 
Red  Cross  service  flag  which  the  women  had 
made.  It  ''was  sold,  and  given  back  and  sold 
again  and  again,  and  next  day  some  more  peo- 
ple came  into  town  and  paid  in  money,  even 
though  the  flag  had  been  sold  and  taken  away 
.  .  .  .  and  the  one  who  had  bid  the  highest, 
and  who  finally  took  the  flag  home,  is  a  citizen 
of  foreign  birth."  Proceeds  of  the  sale  were 
$3617.50.  West  Liberty,  with  1760  people,  sold 
fifty-four  stars  on  the  service  flag  for  $11,500; 
Le  Mars  sold  a  star  on  its  service  flag  for  each 
boy  in  service  at  $100  each,  netting  $24,000,302 

Almost  anything  would  bring  a  good  price  at 
a  Red  Cross  sale  in  Iowa  during  the  war.  In  a 
small  country  neighborhood  in  Linn  County  a 
Red  Cross  auction  was  in  progress  when  the 
auctioneer,  pausing  at  the  end  of  a  "knock- 
down", happened  to  glance  upward  and  see  a 


190  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

flock  of  wild  ducks  flying  overhead.  Before  the 
ducks  were  out  of  sight  they  had  been  sold  for 
$345.  It  was  not  without  some  basis  that  the 
Central  Division  Bulletin  stated  its  expectation 
of  hearing  that  clouds  and  square  yards  of  blue 
sky  were  being  sold  for  the  Red  Cross  in 
Iowa.^°^ 

Pig  Clubs. —  Not  infrequently  Red  Cross 
chapters  developed  ideas  for  securing  livestock 
to  be  sold  for  their  benefit.  On  some  occasions 
the  farmers  would  donate  animals  from  their 
farms  to  be  shipped  for  the  Red  Cross ;  on  other 
occasions  plans  were  worked  out  for  raising 
livestock  for  that  particular  purpose. 

In  May,  1918,  the  Alvord  chapter  shipped  a 
car  of  livestock  —  fifty-nine  hogs  and  five  calves 
—  to  the  Sioux  City  market  where  they  brought 
$2360.  The  Grinnell  chapter  shipped  its  third 
car  of  Red  Cross  hogs  in  May,  1918,  the  hogs 
being  donated  by  farmers  and  others  interested 
in  the  cause.  The  car  and  hogs  were  placarded 
with  banners  and  red  crosses,  and  cards  were 
distributed  at  the  different  stations  proclaiming 
their  mission.  The  hogs  were  auctioned  off  at 
the  market,  one  of  them  bringing  as  high  as  two 
dollars  a  pound.  Proceeds  from  the  whole  car 
amounted  to  $12,000.^*^'^  A  movement  was  be- 
gun in  Story  County  to  have  everyone  raising 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES        191 

chickens  donate  one  to  the  Red  Cross ;  Fayette 
County  proposed  to  have  every  hog  raiser, 
raise  a  Red  Cross  pig.^*'^ 

One  of  the  most  successful  ventures  of  this 
sort  was  that  of  the  Winneshiek  County  Red 
Cross  chapter.  Early  in  1918  it  was  suggested 
that  a  pig  club  be  organized.  The  proposal  met 
with  sufficient  encouragement  to  warrant  its 
adoption  so  a  constitution  and  by-laws  were 
drawn  up  and  the  organization  set  going.  The 
only  requirement  for  membership  in  the  club 
was  that  the  applicant  pledge  a  pig  for  the  Red 
Cross  and  agree  to  feed  and  care  for  it  until 
ready  for  market. 

The  public  responded  enthusiastically  and  in 
a  very  short  time  the  club  was  assured  of  suc- 
cess. People  caught  the  spirit  of  the  under- 
taking and  before  long  everybody  was  talking 
about  the  pig  club.  The  county  newspapers  got 
behind  it  and  gave  it  a  good  send-off.  A  dele- 
gation was  formed  and,  accompanied  by  speak- 
ers and  musicians,  visited  the  towns  and  county 
schoolhouses  throughout  the  county.  Soon  the 
membership  was  over  a  thousand,  and  the  goal 
was  then  set  at  double  that  number.  Officers 
from  the  branches  were  called  in  to  help,  and 
solicitors  were  appointed  for  each  township  in 
the  county.  Before  the  canvass  was  completed 
2240  persons  became  members  of  the  club.    Per- 


192  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

sons  living  in  the  towns,  as  well  as  the  farmers, 
joined  the  organization  and  in  many  cases  where 
they  were  not  able  to  raise  their  own  hogs, 
arrangements  were  made  with  farmers  to  do  it 
for  them. 

Every  member  of  the  club  was  given  a  button 
bearing  the  inscription  "Winneshiek  County 
Pig  Club ' ' —  with  the  picture  of  a  well  fattened 
pig  in  the  center.  All  pigs  pledged  to  the  Red 
Cross  were  tagged  on  the  ear  with  a  metal  tag 
which  bore  a  bright  red  cross.  Ben  Bear  of 
Decorah,  treasurer  of  the  Winneshiek  County 
Red  Cross  chapter  and  the  moving  spirit  be- 
hind the  pig  club,  stated  that  the  members  of 
the  club  were  "more  proud  of  that  button  than 
any  other  they  wore  the  past  summer",  and 
that  the  pigs  with  the  red  cross  tags  in  their 
ears  "seemed  to  carry  their  heads  a  little  higher 
all  summer  than  the  rest  of  the  herds. ' ' 

By  December,  1918,  the  time  had  come  to  as- 
semble the  hogs  and  ship  them  to  market. 
Postals  were  sent  to  every  club  member  and  the 
telephones  were  employed  to  get  the  w^ord 
scattered  over  the  whole  county  that  the  mem- 
bers were  to  bring  their  hogs  in  on  an  appointed 
day.  The  hogs  were  collected  and  loaded  at  the 
stock  yards  at  Decorah,  Cresco,  Ridgeway, 
Jackson  Junction,  Fort  Atkinson,  Calmar,  Os- 
sian,    Castalia,    and   Mabel.      When    all   were 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES    193 

loaded  and  accounted  for  there  were  twenty- 
seven  car  loads  containing  1914  animals.  Some 
members  had  sold  their  pigs  at  earlier  dates; 
while  others  desired  to  feed  theirs  for  a  while 
longer  and  did  not  deliver  them  at  this  time. 
Still  others,  instead  of  bringing  in  a  pig,  simply 
turned  over  a  sum  of  money  to  cover  their  share. 

Arrangements  had  previously  been  made  for 
a  special  train  to  convey  the  cars  to  the  Chicago 
market.  The  cars  were  covered  with  placards, 
banners,  and  Eed  Cross  emblems,  and  when  all 
the  cars  had  been  assembled  and  the  train, 
which  came  to  be  known  as  the  ''Winneshiek 
County,  Iowa,  Hog  Special",  started  on  its 
journey  it  made  an  interesting  sight  and  at- 
tracted a  great  deal  of  attention.  At  Decorah 
an  enthusiastic  crowd  turned  out  at  eleven 
o'clock  at  night,  and  the  band  was  on  hand  to 
give  the  hogs  from  that  place  the  proper  send- 
off.  News  of  the  train's  coming  preceded  it 
along  the  way  and  crowds  turned  out  at  the 
stations  to  see  it  as  it  passed.  At  the  Chicago 
yards  a  Pathe  moving  picture  man  was  on  hand 
and  ''shot  up  everything  from  the  train  men 
and  shippers  to  the  hogs  and  banner-bearing 
cars." 

The  special  train  arrived  in  Chicago  on  Mon- 
day, December  16th.  The  shipment  was  con- 
signed to  the  President  of  the  live  stock  ex- 

VOL.  I — 14 


194  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

change  and  at  an  early  hour  commission  men 
were  on  hand  anxious  to  give  their  services  free 
in  disposing  of  the  cargo.  To  facilitate  the  sale 
the  names  of  all  commission  men  were  put  in  a 
hat  and  the  first  twenty-five  drawn  w^ere  as- 
signed the  task  of  getting  the  best  possible 
prices  for  the  stock. 

There  was  a  big  run  of  hogs  on  the  Chicago 
market  that  day  and  if  arrangements  had  not 
been  previously  made  for  the  sale  of  the  Red 
Cross  hogs,  there  might  have  been  great  diffi- 
culty in  disposing  of  them  at  satisfactory  prices. 
As  it  was,  all  other  business  in  the  hog  alleys 
was  laid  aside  while  these  hogs  were  sold.  All 
the  buyers  bid  generously.  It  was  a  mixed  lot 
of  hogs  that  was  put  before  them.  "Every 
breed  was  represented  and  many  of  the  hogs 
showed  several  breeds.  They  were  big  and  lit- 
tle, fat  and  thin,  but  this  made  no  difference  to 
the  packers  who  bought  the  stock.  There  was 
no  sorting,  everything  went  with  the  load  — 
and  at  good  prices. ' '  Armour 's  buyers  took  ten 
loads  and  other  packers  bought  the  remaining 
loads  at  prices  that  were  considerably  above  the 
level  of  the  market.  Over  $60,000  was  realized 
from  the  sale,  which,  with  the  proceeds  from 
pigs  sold  at  other  times  resulted  in  a  total  of 
something  over  $70,000  from  the  pig  club  —  a 
magnificent  sum  for  Red  Cross  service.^"^ 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES    195 

Some  Other  Methods. —  The  ladies  even  re- 
sorted to  strenuous  manual  labor  on  some  occa- 
sions to  bring  in  the  money.  Red  Cross  ladies 
of  Des  Moines  cleared  $1000  serving  meals  at 
the  State  Fair.  At  Redfield  a  farmer  offered  to 
pay  the  women  ten  cents  a  bushel  to  husk  his 
corn.  He  furnished  them  with  teams  and  wag- 
ons and  they  husked  430  bushels  in  one  day. 
The  Red  Cross  at  Laurie  was  offered  the  pro- 
ceeds of  an  acre  of  corn  if  the  ladies  of  the 
chapter  would  husk  it.  One  morning  seven 
automobiles  carried  the  ladies  out  to  the  farm 
and,  in  a  little  over  an  hour,  the  corn  was 
husked  and  sixty-five  dollars  went  into  the 
treasury  of  the  Red  Cross.  A  plot  of  ground 
was  offered  to  the  Sioux  City  Red  Cross  pro- 
viding the  ladies  would  plant  it  in  potatoes. 
Twenty-five  society  ladies  turned  out  and  plant- 
ed the  potatoes. ^"'^ 

During  a  parade  at  Waterloo,  in  honor  of  five 
hundred  drafted  men,  a  large  outstretched  flag 
was  carried  by  twelve  men  and  the  crowd  threw 
coins  into  it  as  it  passed.  There  had  been  no 
previous  announcement,  but  more  than  $650  was 
collected.  Miss  Sue  Johnson  of  Newton  col- 
lected a  mile  of  pennies  for  the  Red  Cross.  It 
takes  84,480  pennies  to  make  a  mile  or  $844.80. 
An  "eatless  banquet"  resulted  in  money  for 
the  Red  Cross  at  Des  Moines.     This  was  the 


196  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

annual  banquet  of  the  Highland  Park  College 
Woman's  Association  on  February  8,  1918,  at 
which  A.  E.  Kepford,  State  director  of  the  Red 
Cross,  was  the  speaker.  When  the  hundred  and 
eighty  guests  arrived  they  paid  a  dollar  a  plate. 
"But  on  the  plates  were  only  the  aforesaid 
cocktails  [Red  Crossl — made  of  the  common 
or  garden  variety  of  water!  The  tables  were 
beautifully  decorated  and  everyone  in  full  even- 
ing dress.  The  money  paid  for  the  'plates'  was 
put  into  a  miniature  ship  sailing  under  Red 
Cross  colors.  "^^^ 

Very  often  Red  Cross  chapters  were  the  re- 
cipients of  gifts  from  individuals  or  local  organ- 
izations, as  illustrated  by  the  gift  of  the  Sioux 
City  Shriners.  Abu  Bekr  temple,  Ancient  Ara- 
bic Order  of  Nobles,  donated  $6000  to  the  Sioux 
City  Red  Cross.  This  fund  was  one  which  had 
originally  been  raised  to  meet  the  expenses  of 
sending  the  drill  patrol  to  the  national  conven- 
tion in  Minneapolis. ^°^ 

Considerable  money  was  received  b}^  Iowa 
chapters  as  a  result  of  fines  levied  on  violators 
of  the  rules  of  the  United  States  Food  Admin- 
istration. In  dealing  with  violations  of  these 
rules  the  ordinary  procedure  was  to  make  a 
settlement  by  securing  a  contribution  from  the 
offender  to  the  local  Red  Cross.  In  many  cases 
the  contribution  ran  as  high  as  $300;  at  times  it 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES        197 

was  as  low  as  $15.  In  the  cases  disposed  of  by 
the  Enforcement  Division  for  Iowa,  of  the 
United  States  Food  Administration,  close  to 
$10,000  was  contributed  to  the  Red  Cross.  In 
addition  the  county  administrations  adopted 
the  same  tactics  and  settled  many  of  their  cases 
in  a  similar  manner.  The  Sugar  Division  also 
followed  this  plan  and  collected  several  thou- 
sand dollars  for  Red  Cross  chapters. 


310 


Salvage  Stations.— The  salvage  department 
of  the  Woodbury  County  Red  Cross  chapter 
was  established  at  Sioux  City  early  in  January, 
1918.  A  call  was  issued  for  contributions  of 
metals,  including  iron,  copper,  brass,  tin,  tin- 
foil, solderfoil,  lead,  zinc,  rubber,  boots  and 
shoes,  auto  tires,  rags,  old  typewriter  ribbons, 
worn  rubber  heels,  broom  and  mop  handles,  old 
electric  light  globes,  suit  and  hat  boxes,  and  old 
papers  and  magazines.  Special  emphasis  was 
placed  upon  the  suggestion  that  all  1917  auto 
license  tags  be  turned  over  to  the  Red  Cross 
salvage  station.  A  vacant  store  building  was 
secured  as  a  receiving  station  and  plans  were 
laid  to  stage  a  city- wide  ''no  waste  campaign" 
and  to  secure  the  aid  of  all  school  children  to 
carry  out  the  project.^^^ 

The  organization  of  the  ''junk  squad"  was 
the  work  of  the  0.  U.  Bridge  Club,  a  regular 


198  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

auxiliary  of  the  Red  Cross.  Soon  after  the 
appointment  of  a  young  society  lady  as  chair- 
man of  the  squad  she  announced  that  a  baby 
cab  and  three  old  garbage  cans  had  been  deliv- 
ered at  her  home  as  the  first  contributions  to 
the  new  department.  Among  the  lists  of  other 
early  donations  were  three  carloads  of  scrap 
iron  given  by  a  local  business  firm.^^^ 

In  March  the  salvage  department  was  moved 
to  larger  quarters  in  the  Woodbury  County 
court  house.  Members  were  continually  finding 
new  articles  to  collect  and  new  fields  for  their 
endeavors.  It  remained  for  this  department  of 
the  Red  Cross  'Ho  enter  the  hair  switch  in  the 
battle  for  democracy.  Blonde  switches,  bru- 
nette switches,  auburn  switches  —  any  kind  or 
variety"  were  called  for.  Discarded  switches 
and  wigs  were  bringing  high  prices  as  salvage. 
Simultaneously  with  the  collection  of  junk,  the 
women  of  the  salvage  section  planned  to  aid  the 
Child  Welfare  League  of  the  city  by  taking  a 
census  of  all  children  in  the  city  under  five  years 
of  age.^^^ 

By  April  still  larger  quarters  were  needed  for 
the  work  and  headquarters  were  established  in 
a  city-owned  structure  formerly  occupied  by  the 
police  department,  a  building  which  offered 
ample  room  for  the  development  of  new  activ- 
ities.   In  April  the  sale  of  junk,  resulting  from 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES        199 

about  ten  days'  collecting,  brought  $350,  and 
during  the  first  three  weeks  of  June  the  sales 
realized  $500  more  for  the  Red  Cross.  The  junk 
sold  in  June  included  24  tons  of  paper,  6  tons  of 
iron,  4800  bottles,  1310  pounds  of  rubber,  4387 
pounds  of  rags,  50  pounds  of  pewter,  and  200 
pounds  of  brass.  Twelve  wholesale  houses  of 
the  city  gave  the  use  of  one  or  more  trucks  each 
Saturday  for  collecting  and  handling  the  ma- 
terials.^^^ 

Two  new  features  were  added  to  the  salvage 
station  in  May  —  an  ''Old  Curiosity  Shop"  and 
a  weekly  rummage  sale.  People  w^ere  asked  to 
make  donations  for  both.  ''Anything  which 
anyone  will  give,  from  jewelry  to  dogs,  cats  and 
chickens"  was  wanted  for  the  curiosity  shop; 
all  kinds  of  old  clothing  was  acceptable  for  the 
rummage  sales.  These  innovations  proved  to 
be  a  great  benefit :  not  only  were  they  a  source 
of  income  for  the  Red  Cross,  but  they  proved  a 
real  boon  for  those  who  were  thus  enabled  to 
buy  many  necessary  articles  at  very  greatly  re- 
duced prices. ^^^ 

Large  quantities  of  goods  were  turned  over 
to  the  salvage  station  and  before  long  the  sales- 
were  a  daily  feature.  Quantities  of  clothing^ 
shoes,  and  household  goods  were  sorted  and 
arranged  in  various  rooms  ready  for  inspection 
by  prospective  purchasers.     Two  rooms  were 


200  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

filled  with  shoes;  women's  and  children's 
clothing-  occupied  several  rooms;  another  was 
filled  'Svith  odds  and  ends  of  every  description, 
from  clocks  and  cabinet  organs  to  women's 
dress  forms  and  discarded  safety  razors." 

China  proved  to  be  a  good  seller.  The  supply 
was  soon  exhausted  and  calls  were  sent  out  for 
more.  Second  hand  furniture  was  in  great  de- 
mand and  sold  as  fast  as  it  could  be  gathered. 
The  calls  for  curtains,  bedding,  comforters, 
pillows,  and  rugs  could  not  all  be  supplied.^^*^ 

At  first  the  women  Red  Cross  workers 
''threw  up  their  hands  in  horror  at  the  thought 
of  handling  the  junk",  but  as  they  came  to  see 
how  important  and  profitable  it  proved  to  be, 
many  volunteered  for  the  work.  Only  articles 
in  good  condition  were  wanted,  for  no  provision 
was  made  for  mending  and  repairing.  During 
the  summer  a  millinery  department  was  opened 
in  which  hats  were  trimmed  by  the  Red  Cross 
milliners.  The  offering  in  this  line  included 
''  'perfectly  lovely'  felts,  and  velours  and  vel- 
vets."3i7 

By  the  end  of  the  year,  1918,  profits  from  the 
salvage  station  had  amounted  to  $1180.50.  In 
addition  to  the  profit  to  the  Red  Cross  much 
material  which  would  have  otherwise  been 
wasted  was  saved.  Of  still  greater  importance 
was   the   service    rendered   the   communitv   in 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES        201 

supplying  many  people  with  necessities  at  very 
nominal  prices.  Inquiries  regarding  the  work 
of  the  Sioux  City  salvage  station  were  received 
from  institutions  and  Red  Cross  chapters  in 
many  parts  of  the  countrj^^^^ 

With  the  close  of  hostilities  the  salvage  sta- 
tion was  considered  too  valuable  an  institution 
to  be  abandoned.  The  mayor  called  a  meeting 
of  the  representatives  of  ten  of  the  city's  organ- 
izations and  arrangements  were  made  to  con- 
tinue with  the  project.  Temporarily  it  was  to 
be  continued  under  the  control  of  the  Red  Cross 
with  the  funds  going  to  the  Organized  Welfare 
Bureau.    A  paid  executive  was  put  in  charge. ^^^ 

A  similar  station  was  established  in  Des 
Moines  about  May,  1918.  An  old  house  was 
taken  over  and  fixed  up  inside  and  out  with 
material  furnished  by  local  firms.  Fourteen 
rooms  were  prepared  with  counters,  shelves, 
showcases,  mirrors,  tables,  and  chairs  ready  to 
receive  donations.  One  room  was  set  aside  for 
women's  clothing^  one  for  children's  garments, 
two  for  repairing  and  painting  furniture,  and 
another  for  a  tea  room.  Outside,  the  yard  was 
planted  to  grass  and  flowers,  and  a  war  garden 
was  cultivated  by  children  from  a  nearby  school. 
This  station  cleared  $1000  in  August  and  $2000 
in  September,  1918,  sales  averaging  about  $100 
a  day.^-° 


202  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Monthly  Subscriptions. —  Some  chapters 
looked  to  monthly  subscriptions  to  support  their 
local  work,  a  plan  that  was  highly  recommended 
by  Red  Cross  officials.  Although  it  lacked  the 
spectacular  features  of  many  of  the  methods 
used  and  did  not  attract  much  public  attention, 
it  proved  very  effective  in  some  Iowa  communi- 
ties. At  Davenport  they  secured  pledges  of 
$2200  a  month  for  as  long  a  period  as  it  might 
be  needed.  Iowa  City  also  tried  it  and  found  it 
thoroughly  successful.  The  Iowa  City  fund 
was  contributed  to  by  three  thousand  subscrib- 
ers, the  gifts  ranging  from  ten  cents  to  twenty- 
five  dollars  a  month.  The  total  amounted  to 
$2200  a  month  and  was  collected  each  month  by 
the  Eed  Cross  women.  All  offers  of  entertain- 
ments, meals,  sales,  and  similar  money  raising 
devices  were  refused. ^^^ 

State  Director  Kepford  estimated  that  the 
chapters  of  Iowa  raised  approximately  $5,581,- 
303  to  finance  chapter  activities.  This  added  to 
the  amount  raised  in  the  two  War  Fund  drives, 
which  was  $4,190,483.36,  made  a  total  of  $9,771,- 
786.36  raised  in  the  State  of  Iowa  for  Red  Cross 
purposes.^^- 

State  Director  Kepford 's  correspondence 
shows  that  in  many  cases  divisions  of  profits 
were  made  by  Iowa  chapters  with  stores,  enter- 
tainments, and  the  like,  an  arrangement  which 


LOCAL  RED  CROSS  FINANCES        203 

was  opposed  to  the  Eed  Cross  policy.  Very 
often,  however,  these  and  other  infractions  of 
Ked  Cross  rules  were  due  to  misunderstanding 
rather  than  to  a  deliberate  disregard  for  the 
rules. 

Some  cases  also  were  found  in  Iowa  where 
chapters  did  not  follow  Red  Cross  regulations 
in  the  use  of  funds.  A  number  of  chapters  con- 
tributed from  their  funds  to  Armenian  and 
Syrian  relief,  for  instance,  regardless  of  the 
opposition  of  the  national  officials.  Funds  were 
also  used  in  a  few  instances  for  establishing 
hospitals  and  permanent  institutions,  contrary 
to  rules.  With  the  signing  of  the  armistice 
many  chapters  found  themselves  with  substan- 
tial sums  in  their  treasuries  and  their  work  dis- 
continued. The  national  organization  urged 
chapters  to  retain  sufficient  funds  for  home  ser- 
vice, administrative  expense,  and  other  activ- 
ities that  they  were  planning,  to  continue,  and 
turn  the  remainder  over  to  it  to  be  used  in  relief 
work  abroad.^-^ 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES 


205 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES 

CHAPTER  I 

lAxson's  The  Symbol  of  Service  to  ManUnd  in  The  Na- 
tio7ial  Geographic  Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIII,  p.  375. 

2  The  American  Bed  Cross  —  What  It  Is  and  What  It  Does, 
p.  3.     This  was  a  pamphlet  issued  in  1918  by  the  Eed  Cross. 

3  Archer  and  Kingsford's  The  Crusades,  pp.  169-187;  Board- 
man's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad,  pp. 
21-23. 

4  Cook 's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol.  I,  pp.  146, 
147;  Axson's  The  Symbol  of  Service  to  ManUnd  in  The  Na- 
tional Geographic  Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIII,  pp.  375-377. 

5  Cook's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol,  I,  pp.  147, 
148. 

GBoardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroad,  pp.  27,  28;  Axson's  The  Symbol  of  Service  to  Man- 
Und in  The  National  Geographic  Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIII,  pp. 
377-380. 

7  Cook's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol.  I,  pp.  159, 
162,  171,  181,  182;  Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at 
Home  and  Abroad,  pp.  28,  29;  The  American  Bed  Cross  — 
What  It  Is  and  What  It  Does,  p.  3, 

8  Cook's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol.  I,  pp.  176, 

185. 

Miss  Nightingale  found  it  to  be  no  easy  task  to  maintain  the 
necessary  discipline  among  her  nurses  and  to  satisfy  their  de- 
mands. One  nurse  complained  regarding  the  caps  they  were 
ordered  to  wear:  "I  came  out,  Ma'am,  prepared  to  submit  to 
everything,  to  be  put  upon  in  every  way.     But  there  are  some 

207 


208  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

things,  Ma'am,  one  can't  submit  to.  There's  the  caps,  Ma'am, 
that  suit  one  face,  and  some  that  suit  another.  And  if  I'd 
known.  Ma  'am,  about  the  caps,  great  as  was  my  desire  to  come 
out  and  nurse  at  Scutari,  I  would  not  have  come.  Ma'am." — 
Boardman's  Under  the  Hed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad, 
pp.  29,  30. 

9  Boardman's  Under  the  lied  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroad,  p.  30;  Cook's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol. 
I,  pp.  194-198,  254. 

10  Cook's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol.  I,  pp.  213, 
214. 

11  Cook's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol.  I,  p.  237. 

i2Hazen's  Henri  Dun  ant :  Founder  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The 
Bed  Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7,  p.  66;  Boardman's 
Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad,  p.  33. 

isHazen's  Henri  Dunant:  Founder  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The 
Bed  Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7,  p.  66;  Boardman's 
Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad,  pp.  33,  34. 

i4Axson's  The  Symbol  of  Service  to  ManTcind  in  Tlie  Na- 
tional Geographic  Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIII,  pp.  382,  383; 
Hazen's  Henri  Dunant:  Founder  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed 
Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7,  pp.  66-68;  Boardman's 
Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad,  pp.  32,  33. 

15  Hazen's  Henri  Dunant:  Founder  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The 
Bed  Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7,  pp.  68,  69;  Boardman's 
Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad,  p.  35. 

10  Hazen's  Henri  Dunant:  Founder  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The 
Bed  Cross  Magazine^  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7,  pp.  69,  70;  Boardman's 
Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad,  pp.  35,  36. 

17  Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroa-d,  pp.  36,  37;  Hazen's  Henri  Dunant:  Founder  of  the 
Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed  Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7,  pp. 
70,  71. 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  209 

18  The  American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  Sup- 
plement, p.  236;  Hazen's  Henri  Bunant:  Founder  of  the  Bed 
Cross  in  The  Bed  Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7,  p.  71; 
Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad, 
pp.  42,  43. 

19  Davis's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in  The 
American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  p.  553;  The 
American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  I,  Supplement, 
pp.  91,  92;  Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home 
and  Abroad,  pp.  43-45;  Hazen's  Henri  Dionant:  Founder  of 
the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed  Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7, 
p.  71. 

2oAxson's  The  Symbol  of  Service  to  Mankind  in  The  Na- 
tional Geographic  Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIII,  p.  385;  Boardman's 
Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad,  p.  43. 

William  H.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State,  is  reported  to  have 
said  at  the  time:  "Our  government,  while  always  ready  to  for- 
ward all  humanitarian  action,  has  a  well -understood  policy  of 
holding  itself  aloof  from  all  European  Congresses  or  compacts 
of  a  political  nature.  .  .  .  The  Congress  at  Geneva  being 
for  the  modification  of  international  laws  of  war  is  one  of 
great  significance  and  the  sending  of  delegates  officially  im- 
powered  to  represent  and  act  for  the  United  States  was  from 
the  many  difficulties  apparent,  nearly  or  quite  impossible.  .  . 
.  .  The  Government  wishes  to  act  as  a  free  agent,  with  option 
in  the  premises,  and  in  its  own  good  time." — Davis's  The 
Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in  The  American  Jour- 
nal of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  p.  552. 

21  Fullbrook  's  Belief  Worh  in  Iowa  During  the  Civil  War  in 
The  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics,  Vol.  XVI,  p.  159. 

22  Fullbrook 's  Belief  Work  in  Iowa  During  the  Civil  War  in 
The  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics,  Vol.  XVI,  pp.  172- 
174. 

23  Bicknell  's   Bed   Cross   Christmas  Stamp   for   1909  in   The 

vol..  I — 15 


210  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

Survey,  Vol.  XXIII,  p.  93;  FuUbrook's  Belief  WorTc  in  Iowa 
During  the  Civil  War  in  The  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Pol- 
itics, Vol.  XVI,  pp.  172-174. 

24  Davis 's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in  The 
American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  548,  549, 
556,  557. 

25  Davis 's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in  Tlie 
American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  p.  555; 
Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad, 
pp.  43,  44. 

26  Cook 's  The  Life  of  Florence  Nightingale,  Vol.  II,  p.  205 ; 
Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad, 
p.  36;  Davis's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in 
The  American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  p.  557; 
Axson's  The  Symbol  of  Service  to  ManTcind  in  The  National 
Geographic  Magazine,  Vol.  XXXIII,  pp.  385,  386, 

' '  Dunant  's  later  life  vras  inconspicuous.  He  lived  on  for 
nearly  fifty  years.  .  .  .  His  obscurity  was  in  singular  con- 
trast to  the  world-wide  fame  that  was  the  fortune  of  Florence 
Nightingale.  He  fell  upon  evil  days.  He  lost  his  property 
which  he  had  spent  largely  in  good  works.  An  attack  of 
paralysis  incapacitated  him  from  work  and  he  became  for 
awhile  the  recipient  of  charity.  .  .  .  [He]  lived  in  ob- 
scurity, unknown,  unsung."  His  last  years  were  made  easier 
as  a  result  of  receiving  in  1901  one-half  of  the  Nobel  Peace 
Prize.  He  died  in  1910. —  Hazen's  Henri  Dunant:  Founder  of 
the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed  Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XIII,  No.  7, 
pp.  71,  72. 

CHAPTER  II 

27  Pine's  First  Aid  to  the  Injured  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Tenth  Annual  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Corrections, 
1883,  p.  434;  Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  p.  139. 

We  find  the  ancient  order  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  taking 
an  important  part  in  the  relief  work  of  the  Franco-Prussian 
War.     "Upon  the  battlefield  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war,  the 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  211 

red  cross  gained  for  itself  a  significance  possessed  by  no  other 
emblem.  To  all,  friend  and  foe  alike,  it  indicated  the  power 
■which  saves.  ...  Of  that  heroic  army  of  men  and  women 
who  gained  for  the  red  cross  its  glorious  distinction,  no  corps 
rendered  more  faithful  service,  nor  did  any  more  to  save  life 
and  mitigate  suffering  than  the  St.  John's  Ambulance  Associa- 
tion of  England.  The  lineal  descendant,  as  it  may  be  called, 
of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  it  nobly  sustained  the 
traditions  of  its  order,  once  so  famous  for  deeds  of  mercy  as 
well  as  of  chivalry". —  Pine's  First  Aid  to  the  Injured  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Tenth  Annual  National  Conference  of  Chari- 
ties and  Corrections,  1883,  p.  434. 

28Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  pp.  124,  128,  129; 
Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and  Abroad, 
p.  80;  Davis's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in 
The  American  Journal  of  International  Law^  Vol.  IV,  pp.  558, 
559. 

29  Boardman's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroad,  p.  80;  Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  p.  124. 

30Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  pp.  123,  203-281; 
Davis's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in  Tlie 
American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  558,  559. 

31  Davis's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in  The 
American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  558,  559; 
Epler's  The  Life  of  CUra  Barton,  pp.  229-232. 

32  Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  pp.  232,  233;  Barton's 
A  Story  of  the  Bed  Cross,  p.  5. 

33  Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  pp.  230,  235-239. 

34 Davis's  The  Sanitary  Commission  —  The  Bed  Cross  in  The 
American  Journal  of  International  Law,  Vol.  IV,  p.  563; 
Epler's  The  Life  of  Gara  Barton,  pp.  231,  239-246. 

35  Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  pp.  235-318;  Barton's 
A  Story  of  the  Bed  Cross,  pp.  6-199. 


212  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

36  Boardman  's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroad,  pp.  95-97;  Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  p.  325. 

37Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  pp.  325,  329. 

38  Boardman 's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroad,  pp.  95-99;  Epler's  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  pp.  325- 
331;  Devine's  Social  Forces  in  War  Time  in  The  Survey,  Vol. 
XXXVIII,  p.  424. 

39  Boardman 's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroad,  Chs.  V,  VI;  Devine's  Social  Forces  in  War  Time  in 
The  Survey,  Vol.  XXXVIII,  p.  424. 

40  Boardman 's  Under  the  Bed  Cross  Flag  at  Home  and 
Abroad,  pp.  99,  100. 

41  Charter  and  By-Laivs  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
August,  1917,  A  E  C  500,  pp.  7,  8,  10.  This  was  issued  hj 
the  American  Eed  Cross. 

42  Charter  and  By-Laws  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
August,  1917,  ARC  500,  pp.  3,  4,  9;  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin, 
Vol.  II,  No.  24,  p.  3;    The  Survey,  Vol.  XXV,  p.   180,  Vol. 

XXXVI,  p.  610. 

43  Mr,  Taft  in  Command  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Survey, 
Vol.  XXXV,  p.  180;  Charter  and  By-Laws  of  the  American 
National  Bed  Cross,  August,  1917,  A  E  C  500,  pp.  9,  10. 

44  The  American  Bed  Cross  and  Its  Plans  in  The  Survey,  Vol. 

XXXVII,  p.  416. 

45  Mobilized  on  Moving  Day  in  The  Survey,  Vol.  XXXVII, 
p.  685;  Tenth  Annual  Beport  of  the  American  National  Bed 
Cross,  1914,  p.  8;  Wilson's  State  Papers  and  Addresses,  p.  393. 

From  1905  to  1910  the  Eed  Cross  headquarters  were  located 
in  one  room  supplied  free  by  the  War  Department.  Prom  1910 
on  it  was  necessary  to  enlarge  the  space  each  year  by  renting 
additional  rooms.  In  1914  the  annual  rental  for  a  building  for 
headquarters  was  $2750. —  Tenth  Annual  Beport  of  the  Amer- 
ican National  Bed  Cross,  1914,  p.  8. 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  213 

The  expansion  of  the  work  during  the  war  necessitated  the 
construction  of  a  temporary  annex  to  the  new  Eed  Cross  buUd- 
ing,  containing  eighteen  thousand  feet  of  floor  space. —  The 
Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  34. 

^e  The  American  Bed  Cross:  Organisation  and  Activities, 
May  24,  1917,  ARC  114,  p.  6.  This  was  a  pamphlet  issued  by 
the  American  Red  Cross. 

iT  The  American  Bed  Cross:  Organization  and  Activities, 
May  24,  1917,  ARC  114,  pp.  16,  17. 

Previous  to  1910  the  State  boards  were  known  as  State 
branches.  Each  board  is  entitled  to  one  delegate  to  the  annual 
meeting.  State  board  expenses  are  paid  by  the  national  treas- 
urer.—Sia;/7^  Annual  Beport  of  The  American  National  Bed 
Cross,  1910,  pp.  5,  6,  7. 

48  The  Survey,  Vol.  XXXVI,  p.  611. 

40  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  34. 

50  Molilized  on  Moving  Day  in  The  Survey,  Vol.  XXXVII, 
p.  685. 

51  T7ie  American  Bed  Cross:  Organisation  and  Activities, 
May  24,  1917,  ARC  114,  pp.  17,  18. 

52  The  American  Bed  Cross:  Organization  and  Activities, 
March,  1916,  ARC  114,  pp.  5,  25-28;  Deacon's  Disasters  and 
The  American  Bed  Cross  in  Disaster  Belief,  p.  5;  The  Survey, 
Vol.  XXVI,  p.  628. 

CHAPTER  III 
ssDevine's  Social  Forces  in  War  Time  in  The  Survey,  Vol. 
XXXVIII,  p.  424. 

54  The  Official  Bulletin  (issued  by  the  Committee  on  Public 
Information),  Vol.  I,  No.  2,  pp.  1,  2. 

55  The  Work  of  the  American  Bed  Cross,  No.  I,  pp.  8,  9. 
The  American  Red  Cross  issued  three  reports  during  the  war 

dealing  with  its  work  at  home  and  in  Europe.     This  first  covers 


214  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

the  period  up  to  November  1,  1917;  the  second  is  for  the  period 
up  to  March  1,  1918;  the  third  is  for  the  period  up  to  Decem- 
ber 1,  1918.    These  will  be  cited  as  No.  I,  No.  II,  and  No.  III. 

oG  The  Work  of  the  American  Bed  Cross,  No.  I,  p.  8;  The 
BuUetin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  II, 
No.  7,  p.  2. 

57  The  WorJc  of  the  American  Bed  Cross,  No.  I,  p.  16. 

58  This  office  was  created  because  Eliot  Wadsworth,  who  had 
previously  been  acting  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
and  was  responsible  for  the  execution  of  such  plans  and  poli- 
cies, was  fuUy  occupied  with  his  duties  as  a  member  ex  officio 
of  the  War  Council. —  The  Work  of  the  American  Bed  Cross, 
No.  I,  pp.  17,  18;  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  28,  p.  2, 
No.  39,  p.  4. 

59  Marshalltown  Times-Bepublican,  June  16,  1917. 

60  The  Official  Bidletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  29,  p.  7. 

61  Gibson's  The  Organisation  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed 
Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XII,  p.  485. 

62  Devine  's  Social  Forces  in  War  Time  in  The  Survey,  Vol. 
XXXVIII,  p.  425. 

63  Gibson's  The  Organisation  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed 
Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XII,  p.  485. 

64  Gibson 's  The  Organisation  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed 
Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XII,  pp.  485,  487. 

65  Gibson's  The  Organization  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed 
Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XII,  pp.  485,  487.  This  represents  the 
organization  of  the  Eed  Cross  as  described  by  the  General 
Manager,  IIar\'ey  D.  Gibson,  in  October,  1917.  At  that  time 
the  directors  of  the  several  bureaus  were  John  D.  Ryan,  presi- 
dent of  the  Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Company,  for  the  Bu- 
reau of  Military  Relief;  W.  Frank  Persons,  for  many  years 
associated  with  the  New  York  Charity  Organization  Society 
for  the  Bureau  of  Civilian  Relief;  Frederick  P.  Small,  assistant 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  215 

to  the  president  of  the  American  Express  Company,  for  the 
Bureau  of  Standards;  Samuel  Greer,  commercial  superintendent 
of  the  Chesapeake  and  Potomac  Telephone  Company,  for  the 
Bureau  of  Development;  Frank  B.  Gifford,  formerly  purchasing 
agent  for  Armour  and  Company,  Chicago,  D.  W.  Cooke,  vice 
president  of  the  Erie  Kailway  Company,  and  J.  Sogers  Flan- 
nery,  a  prominent  Pittsburgh  business  man,  for  the  Bureau  of 
Supplies  and  Transportation ;  and  Miss  Florence  Marshall,  for- 
merly principal  of  the  Manhattan  Trade  School  of  New  York, 
for  the  Women's  Bureau. 

66  The  Worh  of  the  Americun  Bed  Cross,  No,  I,  p.  16.  A 
department  for  Belgium  had  been  established  by  the  Commis- 
sion to  France. 

67  Gibson's  The  Organization  of  the  Bed  Cross  in  The  Bed 
Cross  Magazine,  Vol.  XII,  p.  485;  The  American  Bed  Cross: 
What  It  Is  and  What  It  Does,  p.  7;  American  Bed  Cross: 
Directory  of  Chapters,  February  1,  1917,  p.  4. 

The  only  division  of  the  country  into  districts  before  this 
was  that  made  by  the  Department  of  Chapters,  which  had  dis- 
tributed its  work  among  eight  divisions.  Iowa  was  in  the 
Central  Division  with  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  Nebraska.  Under  the 
new  plan  the  Fourteenth  Division  had  charge  of  all  chapters 
outside  the  United  States.  There  were  chapters  in  Hawaii,  the 
Philippines,  and  Porto  Rico,  in  Cuba  and  Guatemala,  in  Lon- 
don and  Paris,  in  Egypt,  Syria,  Persia,  Seoul,  Japan,  Argen- 
tine, and  the  Canal  Zone  —  Advertising  Pages,  Announcement 
No.  I.  (This  was  a  series  of  five  pages  of  informational  adver- 
tising matter  issued  by  the  American  Eed  Cross  for  use  of  the 
chapters  during  the  Second  War  Fund  Drive.)  The  Bulletin  of 
the  Central  Division  of  the  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  5, 
p.  3. 

6s  Diagram  of  Chapter  Organization,  a  chart  issued  by  the 
Bureau  of  Development  of  the  Central  Division  of  the  Amer- 
ican Eed  Cross. 


216  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

69  Conference  with  Red  Cross  •workers ;  The  Des  Moines 
Register,  May  16,  1917. 

70  Conference  with  Red  Cross  workers. 

71  Tlie  Organization  of  Auxiliaries  of  a  Chapter,  a  sheet  of 
instructions  sent  out  hj  the  Red  Cross  to  chapters;  The  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross:  Organization  and  Activities,  May  24,  1917, 
ARC  114,  p.  18. 

72  The  Organization  of  Auxiliaries  of  a  Chapter. 

73  The  WorJc  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  No.  I,  pp.  27-30. 

74  Mobilized  on  Moving  Day  in  The  Survey,  Vol.  XXXVII, 
p.  685;  Annunl  Message  to  the  Cliapters  of  the  American  Red 
Cross  from  the  Red  Cross  War  Council,  1918;  this  was  a  four 
page  folder  sent  to  the  chapters  by  the  War  Council. 

75  The  Official  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  49,  p.  2;  Speech  Stuf — 
Second  War  Fund  Drive,  May  20-27,  1918,  p.  14.  This  was  a 
small  pamphlet  issued  for  use  of  speakers  during  the  Second 
War  Fund  Drive. 

76r7ie  Official  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  107,  p.  4;  The  Bulletin 
of  the  Central  Division  American  Red  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  27,  p. 
3,  No.  19,  p.  3,  No.  31,  p.  3. 

77  Cliart  of  Division  Organization,  a  chart  issued  by  the  Red 
Cross  showing  the  national  and  division  organization;  The  Of- 
ficial Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  107,  p.  4. 

78  Clmrt  of  Division  Organization;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Cen- 
tral Division  American  Red  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  10,  p.  3,  No.  35, 
p.  3 ;  The  Work  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  No.  I,  p.  35. 

''^  Chart  of  Division  Organization;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Cen- 
tral Division  American  Red  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  10,  p.  3,  Vol.  II, 
No.  18,  p.  6;  The  Work  of  the  American  Red  Cross,  No.  I,  p. 
35. 

80  Chart  of  Division  Organization ;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Cen- 
tral Division  American  Red  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  3,  p.  5,  No.  10, 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  217 

p.  3,  No.  39,  p.  3 ;  The  Worlc  of  the  American  Bed  Cross,  No.  I, 
p.  35. 

81  Chart  of  Division  Organization ;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Cen- 
tral Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  39,  p.  3,  Vol.  II, 
No.  2. 

82  Clvart  of  Division  Organization;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Cen- 
tral Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  2,  p,  8,  No.  4,  p. 
4;  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  14,  p.  2. 

83  Chart  of  Division  Organisation;  The  Bulleti7i  of  the  Amer- 
ican Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  10,  p.  3 ;  The  Work  of  the  American 
Bed  Cross,  No.  I,  p.  35. 

84  Conferences  -with  Eed  Cross  workers. 

s^  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  3,  1917;  The  Sioux  City 
Journal,  August  1,  1917. 

86  Correspondence  in  State  director 's  office ;  letter  from  A.  E. 
Kepford  to  Lewis  N.  Wiggins,  Associate  Manager  of  Central 
Division,  March  4,  1918;  letter  from  Louis  Gardner,  chairman 
Jones  County  chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  March  9,  1918. 

87  Conferences  with  Eed  Cross  officials;  The  Bed  Cross  Her- 
ald, Vol.  I,  No.  10,  December  31,  1917.  These  were  mimeo- 
graphed bulletins  issued  from  September,  1917,  to  March,  1919, 
by  the  Iowa  State  director. 

88  The  Bed  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  II,  No.  9,  September  16,  1918; 
circular  letter  from  Kepford  to  Iowa  chapters,  November  17, 
1917,  Series  No.  27. 

89  The  Bed  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  I,  No.  9,  December  12,  1917. 

00  The  Bed  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  I,  Nos.  5,  6,  7,  8,  October  12, 
18,  25,  November  6,  1917;  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  October 
30,  31,  1917. 

CHAPTER  rV 

91  Information  furnished  by  J.  K.  Deming,  Dubuque,  treas- 
urer of  the  Iowa  State  Board  of  the  Eed  Cross. 


218  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

82  Historical  Eeport  of  Burlington  chapter  to  Central  Divi- 
sion  (manuscript),  p.  1, 

All  the  Red  Cross  chapters  in  the  Central  Division  were 
asked  to  compile  a  history  of  their  activities  during  the  war. 
Some  of  these  the  writer  has  examined  in  the  Central  Division 
offices  where  they  are  on  file.  These  will  be  cited  as  Historical 
"Eeports  to  the  Central  Division. 

«3  American  Bed  Cross  Directory  of  Chapters,  February  1, 
1917,  ARC  145,  pp.  15,  16;  questionnaire  sent  to  Iowa  chap- 
ters by  State  Director  Kepford;  records  in  the  office  of  the 
Central  Division. 

oi  Suggestions  as  to  steps  to  be  taken  in  Formation  of  CMp- 
ters  in  American  Bed  Cross.  This  is  a  circular  issued  by  State 
Director  James  B.  Weaver. 

95  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  3,  1917. 

^^  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  16,  1917;  The  Sioux  City 
Journal,  August  1,  1917. 

97  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  3,  16,  1917. 

98  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  5 ;  The  Official  Bulletin, 
Vol.  I,  No.  49,  p.  2;  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  June  14,  1917. 

99  Central  Division  reports  on  chapters  and  membership, 
March  31st  to  June  30,  1918,  April  1st  to  June  30,  1919;  rec- 
ords in  the  office  of  the  Central  Division. 

100  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  August  1,  1917;  The  Des  Moines 
Begister,  July  17,  1918;  records  in  the  office  of  the  Central 
Division. 

101  Report  of  field  secretary  to  Central  Division  on  the  Block- 
ton  chapter,  August  8,  1918. 

102  Suggestions  as  to  Steps  to  he  Talcen  in  Formation  of 
Chapters  in  American  Bed  Cross. 

103  Conferences  with  R^d  Cross  officials;  correspondence"  in 
office  of  State  director. 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  219 

104  Conferences  with  Eed  Cross  officials;  letter  from  A.  E, 
Kepford  to  Bnice  D.  Smith,  December  20,  1917  (copy) ;  letter 
from  F,  A.  O  'Connor  to  Dr.  T.  H.  Naae,  chairman  of  the  * '  In- 
dependent Society"  of  Graettinger,  December  24,  1917. 

105  Letter  from  W.  J.  Pendray,  chairman  of  Henry  Count7 
chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  January  19,  1918. 

106  Letter  from  H.  J.  Mantz,  chairman  of  Audubon  County 
chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  October  8,  1917. 

107  Letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  John  F.  Schee,  chairman 
of  Warren  County  chapter,  July  17,  1918. 

108  Suggestions  as  to  Steps  to  he  TaJcen  in  Formation  of 
Cliapters  in  American  Bed  Cross;  conferences  with  Eed  Cross 
officials;  The  Eelationship  Between  a  Chapter  and  Its  Branches, 
November  15,  1917.  This  was  a  printed  circular  issued  by  the 
Central  Division,  being  a  copy  of  an  address  by  Frederick  W. 
Stevens,  Michigan  State  director,  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Marquette  County  chapter,  October  24,  1917. 

109  Suggestions  as  to  Steps  to  be  TaTcen  in  Formation  of 
Chapters  in  American  Bed  Cross. 

110  Letter  from  O.  B.  Emerson,  chairman  of  Afton  chapter, 
to  James  B.  Weaver,  July  3,  1917. 

111  Letter  from  Helen  L.  Shaw,  chairman  executive  com- 
mittee of  Jones  County  chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  December 
28,  1917. 

112  From  a  report  made  to  A.  E.  Kepford  by  the  Central 
Division. 

113  Correspondence  in  office  of  State  director. 

114  Eecords  in  the  office  of  the  Central  Division. 

115  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  September  19,  December  2, 
1918;  Central  Division  reports  on  chapters  and  membership, 
March  31st  to  June  30,  1918,  April  1st  to  June  30,  1919;  letter 
from  Mrs.  F.  P.  Hartsook,  secretary  of  Madison  County  chap- 
ter, to  A.  E.  Kepford,  January  25,  1919. 


220  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

116  Diagram  of  Chapter  Organization;  information  ' secured 
from  "Walter  Davidson,  Bureau  of  Development,  Central  Di- 
vision. 

117  Diagram  of  Chapter  Organization. 

118  Circular  letter  from  Central  Division  committee  on  influ- 
enza to  chapter  chairmen,  October  22,  1918;  circular  letter 
from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  chapter  chairmen,  February  19,  1918 
(Series  B,  No.  2). 

119  Conferences  with  officials  of  Iowa  City  Eed  Cross  chapter. 

120  Historical  Report  of  "Winneshiek  County  chapter  to  Cen- 
tral Division,  p.  3 ;  report  of  Miss  Eileen  Dougherty,  field  secre- 
tary of  Central  Division,  April  29,  1918. 

121  Letter  from  A.  E,  Kepford  to  Dr.  Prank  S.  Hough,  chair- 
man of  Sibley  Red  Cross  chapter,  September  13,  1917. 

122  The  Belationship  Between  a  Cliapter  and  Its  Branches, 
November  15,  1917. 

123  The  Belationship  Betioeen  a  Chapter  and  Its  Branches, 
November  15,  1917. 

124  The  Belationship  Between  a  Chapter  and  Its  Branches, 
November  15,  1917;  Rules  Governing  Branches   (Series  A,  No. 

The  latter  was  a  circular  letter  sent  out  by  the  Iowa  State 
Director,  August  10,  1917. 

i2.'>  lietter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  Miss  Marion  Andrews, 
secretary  of  Adams  County  chapter,  February  6,  1918. 

126  Letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  Walter  Davidson,  Bureau 
of  Development,  Central  Division,  March  27,  1918. 

127  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  July  21,  1917. 

128  Records  in  the  office  of  the  Central  Division. 

129  Correspondence  in  office  of  the  State  director. 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  221 

130  Letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  Dr.  Frank  S.  Hough,  chair- 
man of  Sibley  chapter,  September  13,  1917. 

131  Letter  from  Louis  Gardner,  chairman  of  Jones  County 
chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  August  31,  1917. 

CHAPTER  V 

132  Charter  and  By-Laws  of  the  American  National  Bed 
Cross,  August,  1917,  ARC  500,  pp.  11,  12;  The  Bulletin  of  the 
Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  2,  p.  5. 

Changes  were  made  in  the  membership  rules  just  before  the 
Christmas  Membership  Campaign  in  1917.  At  that  time  the 
subscribing  membership  was  changed  to  the  magazine  member- 
ship and  dues  for  a  life  member  were  increased  from  twenty- 
five  to  fifty  dollars. 

133  The  American  Bed  Cross  in  War  Time  in  The  Survey, 
Vol.  XXXVII,  p.  549. 

The  Associated  Charities  of  fifteen  of  the  large  cities  had 
accepted  the  role  of  institutional  members  by  1910  and  some  of 
them  had  rendered  very  satisfactory  service. —  Sixth  Annual  Be- 
'port  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross,  1910,  p.  9.  In  Febru- 
ary, 1917,  there  were  eighteen  such  members. —  The  Survey, 
Vol.  XXXVII,  p.  579. 

134  Charter  and  By-Laws  of  the  American  National  Bed 
Cross,  August,  1917,  ARC  500,  p.  12. 

135  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  14,  p.  1;  The  WorTc 
and  Spirit  of  the  Junior  Bed  Cross,  January  26,  1918,  ARC 
603,  pp.  1,  2. 

136  Sixth  Anjiual  Beport  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
1910,  p.  8. 

137  Tenth  A7inval  Beport  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
1914,  p.  6. 

138  The  Survey,  Vol.  XXXVI,  p.  611. 

139  The  Bed  Cross  Out  for  a  Million  Members  in  The  Survey, 
Vol.  XXXVI,  p.  173. 


222  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

140  The  Bed  Cross  Out  for  a  Million  Members  in  The  Survey, 
Vol.  XXXVI,  p.  173. 

141  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  34,  p.  2. 

142  Mobilized  on  Moving  Day  in  The  Survey,  Vol.  XXXVII, 
p.  686. 

143  Advertising  Pages,  Announcement  No.  1. 

144  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  5,  p.  2. 

145  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  11,  p.  2. 

146  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  34,  p.  2. 

147  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  March  3,  1917;  The  Des  Moines 
Capital,  March  21,  1917. 

148  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  March  1,  1917. 

149  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  March  11,  17,  1917. 

130  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  March  3,  1917;  The  Des  Moines 
Capital,  March  21,  1917. 

151  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  March  24,  1917. 

152  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  March  26,  1917;  The  Des  Moines 
Capital,  March  24,  1917, 

153  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  March  26,  1917. 

154  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  March  26,  1917. 

155  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  March  26,  1917. 

It  was  during  the  campaign  in  Des  Moines  that  the  idea  of 
the  one  hundred  per  cent  service  flag  was  developed  by  Mr. 
Wallace  and  L.  S.  Hill,  chairman  of  the  team  that  canvassed 
the  printers  and  publishers.  Mr.  Hill  announced  that  the  print- 
ers would  be  one  hundred  per  cent  and  Mr.  Wallace  applied  it 
to  all  businesses  where  all  employees  joined  the  Eed  Cross. 
When  the  national  membership  campaigns  were  carried  on  the 
one  hundred  per  cent  service  flags  were  effectively  used  through- 
out the  county  for  families  as  well  as  business  establishments. 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  223 

A  worker  in  Wisconsin  made  the  following  statement  con- 
cerning the  use  of  the  one  hundred  per  cent  service  flags: 

"Without  the  100%  idea  I  doubt  very  much  whether  we 
would  have  secured  one-half  as  many  members  as  were  secured 
in  our  local  campaign  —  it  was  the  only  thing  which  would 
bring  the  money  by  the  dollar  memberships  for  children  or 
servants  in  the  family. 

"We  are  located  in  a  community  largely  made  up  of  Ger- 
mans or  descendants  of  Germans,  and  within  24  hours  after 
launching  the  campaign  loyal  citizens  were  able  to  pick  out 
places  of  business  where  they  desired  to  trade.  The  100% 
flag  did  more  to  separate  the  sheep  from  the  goats  than  any- 
thing we  have  had  in  any  campaign  yet. ' ' —  Correspondence  in 
office  of  J.  P.  Wallace. 

156  The  Des  Moines  Eegister,  May  16,  1917. 

157  The  Des  Moines  Hegister,  June  14,  1917. 

158  Letters  from  Louis  Gardner,  chairman  of  Jones  County 
chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  August  21,  1917,  and  one  undated. 

159  The  Jted  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  I,  No.  1,  September  11,  1917. 

160  Circular  letters  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  Iowa  chapters, 
October  1,  November  9,  1917,  Series  A  25,  A  26. 

161  Letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  W.  M.  Keeley,  chairman  of 
Washington  County  chapter,  November  16,  1917. 

162  The  Official  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  158,  p.  5. 

163  The  Official  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  158,  p.  4 ;  Eed  Cross 
Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December  17-25,  1917,  p.  5. 
The  latter  was  a  pamphlet  issued  by  the  national  organization 
of  the  Eed  Cross  to  the  chapters,  containing  plans  for  organ- 
izing local  campaigns. 

i6*JBed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  p.  13. 

165  Eed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  pp.  1,  2,  11,  13 ;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Divi- 


224  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

sion  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  Nos.  2,  3;    The  Bed  Cross 
Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  33,  p.  2. 

i«6  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  p.  5. 

167  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  pp.  5,  6,  7. 

168  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  pp.  5,  6,  7. 

169  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  p.  2. 

170  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  pp.  7,  8. 

171  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  pp.  7,  8,  19-31. 

172  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  p.  15 ;  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  30,  pp. 
1,  2,  No.  32,  pp.  1,  3. 

173  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  pp.  16,  17,  18. 

174  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  p.  32. 

175  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Membership  Campaign,  December 
17-25,  1917,  p.  14. 

176  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  2,  p.  5;  The  Chicago  Daily  Tribune^  December  18, 
1917;  letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  Al  Falkenhainer,  Algona, 
December  5,  1917. 

177  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  5,  p.  4. 

178  Wallaces'  Farmer,  Vol.  XLII,  p.  1682. 

179  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  I,  No.  33. 

180  The  Clinton  Advertiser,  December  15,  1917 ;  War  Proclu- 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  225 

mations  by  Governor  Harding  in  loiva  and  War,  No.  13,  July, 
1918,  pp.  16-18. 

181  Fort  Dodge  Messenger  and  Chronicle,  December  10,  15, 
17,  21,  31,  1917. 

182  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  December  10,  13,  16,  17,  18,  22, 
23,  1917. 

183  The  Dubuque  Telegraph-Herald,  December  16,  IS,  21, 
1917. 

184  The  Clinton  Advertiser,  December  19,  1917. 

185  The  Clinton  Advertiser,  December  20,  1917. 

188  Waterloo  Evening  Courier,  December  19,  22,  24,  1917. 

187  The  Des  Moines  Eegister,  December  13,  21,  25,  1917. 

188  The  Burlington  HawTc-Eye,  December  14,  15,  18,  20,  21, 
22,  1917. 

189  The  Burlington  Hawh-Eye,  December  23,  1917. 

190  The  Burlington  HawTc-Eye,  December  19,  1917. 

191  The  Burlington  HawTc-Eye,  December  22,  1917. 

192  T/ie  Sioux  City  Journal,  December  9,  1917;  The  Des 
Moines  Eegister,  March  3,  1918;  The  Red  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  II, 
No.  3,  March  8,  1918;  letter  to  A.  E.  Kepford  signed  by  the 
judges  announcing  their  decision,  March  4,  1918. 

193  The  Bed  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  II,  No.  3,  March  8,  1918. 

194  The  Outlook,  Vol.  118,  p.  235. 

195  Central  Division  report  on  chapters  and  membership, 
March  31  to  June  30,  1918;  The  Des  Moines  Eegister,  July  17, 
1918. 

196  The  Eed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  37,  p.  1. 

197  The  Eed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  41,  p.  4. 

198  The  Eed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  50,  pp.  1,  2,  4,  No. 
51,  pp.  1,  2. 

VOL.   I — 16 


226  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

199  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  50,  p.  1. 

200  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol,  II,  No.  51,  p.  2 ;  The  Des 
Moines  Capital,  December  13,  1918. 

201  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  II,  No.  51,  p.  2. 

202  Eeport  of  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Boll  Call  for  Iowa.  This 
was  a  printed  statement  of  the  results  of  the  campaign  in  Iowa 
issued  by  the  State  chairman. 

203  Beport  of  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Boll  Call  for  Iowa. 

204  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  December  17,  22,  1918 ;  Fort 
Dodge  Messenger  and  Chronicle,  December  24,  1918. 

205  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  December  13,  1918;  The  Des 
Moines  Begister,  December  17-24,  1918. 

206  The  Evening  Democrat  (Fort  Madison),  December  20,  21, 
1918;  The  Dubuque  Telegraph-Herald,  December  11,  15,  1918; 
The  Clinton  Advertiser,  December  14,  1918;  Waterloo  Evening 
Courier,  December  17,  1918. 

207  Marshalltoivn  Times-Bepublican,  December  17-20,  1918. 

208  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  December  17,  1918,  January  2, 
1919. 

20Q  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  December  13-20,  1918;  The  Ce- 
dar Bapids  Bepublican,  December  17,  18,  1918;  The  Muscatine 
Journal,  December  12,  1918. 

210  Fort  Dodge  Messenger  and  Chronicle,  December  17-21, 
1918;  Webster  County  Patriot's  Fund  for  War  Belief  Work. 
The  latter  was  a  circular  issued  by  the  Patriot's  Fund  explain- 
ing its  purpose  and  organization. 

211  The  Burlington  Hawk-Eyc,  December  13,  17,  21,  1918. 

212  Beport  of  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Boll  Call  for  Iowa. 

213  Eeport  of  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Boll  Call  for  Iowa;  The 
Work  of  the  American  Bed  Cross  During  the  War,  pp.  11,  12. 
The  latter  was  a  report  issued  by  the  American  Eed  Cross,  be- 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  227 

ing  a  statement  of  finances  and  accomplishments  for  the  period 
July  1,  1917,  to  February  28,  1919. 

2ii  Eeport  of  Bed  Cross  Christmas  Boll  Call  for  Iowa. 

215  T7ie  Des  Moines  Bcgister,  January  1,  1919;  Census  of 
Iowa,  1915,  pp.  xii,  xiii,  xxxiv;  Beport  of  the  Bed  Cross  Christ- 
mas Boll  Call  for  Iowa. 

CHAPTER  VI 

216  Charter  and  By-Laws  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
August,  1917,  ARC  500,  pp.  13,  14. 

217  Charter  and  By-Laivs  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
August,  1917,  ARC  500,  pp.  8,  9. 

218  Charter  and  By-Laws  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
August,  1917,  ARC  500,  p.  5. 

219  Charter  and  By-Laws  of  the  American  National  Bed  Cross, 
August,  1917,  ARC  500,  pp.  4,  6. 

220  The  WorTc  of  the  American  Bed  Cross,  No.  I,  pp.  8-14. 

221  The  Worlc  of  the  American  Bed  Cross  During  the  War, 
pp.  16-19. 

222  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  June  14,  1917. 

223  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  June  14,  1917. 

22i  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  14,  1917;  Marshalltown 
Times-Bepublican,  June  12,  1917. 

225  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  June  20,  1917;  The  Des  Moines 
Capital,  June  15,  20,  1917. 

226  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  15,  1917;  The  Des  Moines 
Begister,  June  18,  1917.  Sergeant  Breckenridge  was  used  in 
many  States  in  making  speeches  for  the  Red  Cross.  It  was 
eventually  discovered  by  postal  inspectors  that  he  was  a  deserter 
from  both  the  Canadian  and  United  States  armies. 

227  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  June  20-24,  1917;  The  Des 
Moines  Capital,  June  27,  1917. 


228  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

^28  The  Des  Moines   Capital,  June   20,   22,   1917;    The   Des 
Moines  Register,  June  21,  1917. 

229  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  27,  1917. 

230  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  27,  1917. 

231  The  Des  Moines  Register;  The  Des  Moines  Capital^  June 
17-25,  1917. 

232  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  27,  1917. 

233  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  27,  1917. 

234  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  21,  23,  26,  1917. 

235  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  23,  1917. 

236  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  25,  1917. 

237  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  28,  1917. 

238  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  28,  1917. 

239  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  27,  1917;  The  Des  Moines 
Capital,  July  12,  1917. 

240  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  30,  1917. 

241  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  28,  1917. 

242  The  Des  Moines  Register,  June  28,  1917. 

243  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  June  20,  1917. 

244  The  Des  Moines  Capital,  July  12,  1917. 

245  Letter  from  A,  E.  Kepford  to  Bernard  E.  Sunny,  manager 
of  Second  War  Fund,  Central  Division,  March  11,  1918. 

246  "Whitney 's  First,  Second  and  Third  Liberty  Loans  in  Iowa 
in  loica  and  War,  September,  1918,  p.  8. 

247  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Red  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  21,  p.  1. 

248  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Red  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  19,  p.  2;  Second  Red  Cross  War  Fund  Campaign 
Plan  Boole,  Pt.  I,  p.  6;  Red  Cross  Parade  Manual.     The  last 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  229 

reference  was  a  circular  issued  by  the  American  Ked  Cross,  in- 
cluding instructions  as  to  assemblage  and  marching  order  of 
Eed  Cross  parades. 

249  r/ie  Survey,  Vol.  XL,  p.  193;  Second  Bed  Cross  War 
Fund  Campaign  Plan  Book,  Pt.  I,  p.  6;  The  Bulletin  of  the 
Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  20,  pp.  1,  2. 

250  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  18,  p.  1,  No.  19,  p.  2. 

251  The  Work  of  the  American  Bed  Cross  During  the  War, 
pp.  16,  19. 

252  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  18,  p.  4,  No.  19,  p.  2. 

253  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  24,  p.  3. 

2B4  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  18,  p.  4;  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  5,  1918; 
The  Meaning  of  the  War  Fund  Campaign  for  the  American  Bed 
Cross.  The  last  reference  was  a  leaflet  sent  out  by  State 
Chairman  "Wallace. 

255  War  Proclamations  by  Governor  Harding  in  Iowa  and 
War,  July,  1918,  pp.  40-43. 

256  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  15,  17,  19,  1918;  The  Des 
Moines  Capital,  May  10,  1918. 

257  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  17,  1918. 

258  Letter  from  A.  E.  Kepf ord  to  Wentworth  G.  Field,  March 
19,  1918. 

259  Report  of  Field  Secretary  Eileen  Dougherty  to  Central 
Division,  July  2,  1918. 

260  Report  of  Field  Secretary  Eileen  Dougherty  to  Central 
Division,  August  8,  1918. 

261  Letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  W.  J.  Pendray,  chairman 
of  Henry  County  chapter,  April  23,  1918. 


230  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

262  Letter  from  H.  L.  Stoughtoii,  chairman  of  Mitchell  County 
chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  August  15,  1918. 

263  Keport  of  Field  Secretary  Eileen  Dougherty  to  Central 
Division,  August  31,  1918. 

264  Eeport  of  Field  Secretary  Eileen  Dougherty  to  Central 
Division,  August  19,  1918. 

265  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  24,  1918. 

266  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed,  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  27,  p.  4. 

267  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  23,  p.  4. 

208  Letter  from  V.  H.  Lovejoy,  chairman  of  Jefferson  County 
chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  March  22,  1918. 

209  Des  Moines,  June  1918,  p.  2  (Des  Moines  is  the  monthly 
publication  of  the  Des  Moines  Chamber  of  Commerce)  ;  The 
Des  Moines  Begister,  May  15,  1918;  The  Des  Moines  Capital, 
May  22,  1918. 

270  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  21,  1918. 

271  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  18,  21,  29,  1918. 

272  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  23,  29,  June  19,  1918. 

273  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  22,  29,  1918. 

274  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  22,  25,  1918. 

275  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  19,  22,  1918. 

276  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  22,  1918. 

277  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  25,  26,  1918. 

278  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  22,  24,-26,  June  16,  1918; 
The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol. 
I,  No.  22,  p.  1.  Woodbury  County  was  not  placed  first  because 
a  large  part  of  the  amount  raised  was  retained  by  the  chapter. 

279  The  Bed  Cross  Bulletin,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  3,  p.  7. 


NOTES  AND  REFERENCES  231 

280  TJie  Worlc  of  the  American  Bed  Cross  During  the  War, 
pp.  3,  16. 

281  The  Worh  of  the  American  Hed  Cross  During  the  War, 
pp.  2,  3,  6. 

282  The  Survey,  Vol.  XL,  p.  642. 

283  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  19,  p.  4. 

284  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  19,  p.  4. 

285  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  34,  p.  1. 

280  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  33,  p.  2. 

287  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  33,  pp.  1,  2. 

288  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  21,  p.  1. 

289  Fort  Dodge  Messenger  and  Chronicle,  January  7,  12,  14, 
18,  1918;  The  Burlington  Hawk-Eye,  May  28,  30,  31,  June  2, 
1918;  letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  H.  G.  Fleming  of  the  Cen- 
tral Division,  October  12,  1917;  Hansen's  Welfare  Cainpaigns 
i?i  Iowa. 

290  Des  Moines,  May,  1918. 

291  Correspondence  of  A.  E.  Kepford. 

292  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  June  17,  1918. 

CHAPTER  VII 

293  The  Worlc  of  the  American  Bed  Cross  During  the  War, 
p.  4. 

294  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  2,  p.  2,  No.  20,  p.  4. 


232  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

295  The  Bulletiji  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  2,  p.  2. 

296  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  II,  No.  7,  p.  3. 

297  The  Des  Moines  Register,  November  6,  1917;  The  Bulletin 
of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  13,  p. 
2,  No.  15,  p.  2,  No.  20,  p.  4,  No.  23,  p.  3 ;  The  Bed  Cross  Her- 
ald, Vol.  II,  No.  4,  April  11,  1918;  Des  Moines  Capital,  Novem- 
ber 28,  1917. 

298  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  13,  p.  2,  No.  15,  p.  2 ;  letter  from  Al  Falkenhainer 
of  Algona  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  December  23,  1917;  The  Des 
Moines  Begister,  December  8,  1917. 

299  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  November  6,  December  13,  1917; 
The  Bed  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  I,  No.  10,  December  31,  1917,  Vol. 
II,  No.  4,  April  11,  1918 ;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division 
American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  18,  p.  3,  No.  20,  p.  4;  letter 
from  Al  Falkenhainer  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  December  23,  1917, 

300  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  December  17,  1917,  January  14, 
1918 ;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  21,  p.  3,  No.  8,  p.  4. 

301  The  Bed  Cross  Herald,  Vol.  I,  No.  8,  November  6,  No. 
9,  December  12,  1917;  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division 
American  Bed  Cross^  Vol.  I,  No.  16,  p.  4;  letters  from  Mrs. 
Lena  D.  Pratt,  secretary  of  Winterset  chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kep- 
ford, November  27,  December  3,  1917;  copy  of  handbills. 

302  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  15,  p.  2,  No.  23,  p.  3,  No.  20,  p.  4. 

303  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  16,  pp.  3,  4. 

304  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  3,  1918;  The  Bulletin  of  the 
Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross,  Vol.  I,  No.  23. 


NOTES  AND  KEFERENCES  233 

305  The  Des  Moines  Register,  April  20,  1918, 

306  The  Iowa  Homestead,  December  26,  1918,  pp.  1,  25;  clip- 
pings from  Decorah  newspapers. 

307  The  Des  Moines  Register,  November  26,  1917,  September 
8,  1918;  Bonor  Boll  Webster  County,  Iowa;  The  Sioux  City 
Journal,  May  1,  13,  1917. 

308  The  Bulletin  of  the  Central  Division  American  Bed  Cross, 
Vol.  I,  No.  33,  p.  3,  No.  21,  p.  3,  No.  8,  p.  5. 

309  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  4,  1917. 

310  Keport  of  cases  disposed  of  by  United  States  Food  Ad- 
ministration, Enforcement  Division  for  Iowa,  in  which  penalties 
were  imposed  covering  period  from  February  20  to  December 
31  1918;  letter  from  W.  T.  McElroy,  Chief  of  Sugar  Division 
tor  Iowa,  to  State  Historical  Society  of  Iowa,  July  29,  1920. 

311  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  January  2,  6,  8,  1918. 

312  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  January  9,  28,  1918. 

313  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  March  26,  April  4,  1918. 

314  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  April  28,  June  23,  1918. 

315  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  May  11,  July  7,  1918. 

316  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  July  7,  1918. 

317  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  July  7,  August  18,  1918. 

318  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  November  14,  1918,  January  14, 
1919. 

319  The  Sioux  City  Journal,  February  9,  11,  1919. 

320  The  Des  Moines  Begister,  May  13,  October  20,  1918. 

321  Letter  from  C.  M.  Cochrane,  secretary  of  Davenport 
chapter,  to  A.  E.  Kepford,  August  10,  1917;  questionnaire  sent 
to  Iowa  chapters  by  A.  E.  Kepford. 


234  RED  CROSS  IN  IOWA 

322  Report  of  Red  Cross  work  in  Iowa  compiled  by  A.  E. 
Kepford  for  The  Des  Moines  Eegister,  April  22,  1919;  The 
WorJc  of  the  American  Bed  Cross  During  the  War^  p.  18. 

323  Letter  from  A.  E.  Kepford  to  Mrs.  W.  D.  MeMichael, 
Adair,  Iowa,  May  1,  1919. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


"Abraham  Lincoln"  (goose),  sale 
of,   for  Red  Cross,   I,    188,    189 

Abu  Bekr  Temple,  Ancient  Arabic 
Order  of  Nobles,  gift  of,  to  Red 
Cross,  I,  196 

Accounting,  Bureau  of,  work  of, 
I,   53 

Adair  County,  Red  Cross  contest 
in,    I,    188,    189 

Adams  County,  Red  Cross  branch- 
es and  auxiliaries  in,  I,  86; 
Red  Cross  members  in,  I,  99, 
135 

Adel,  Red  Cross  membership  rec- 
ord of,   I,    129 

Admen's  Club  of  Des  Moines,  Red 
Cross    advertising   by,    I,    153 

Administrative  Department,  pur- 
pose of,   I,  33 

Advertisements,  use  of,  in  Red 
Cross  campaign,  I,  106,  107, 
161;  success  of,  in  Des  Moines, 
during  first  war  fund  drive,  I, 
152-154 

Afghans,  distribution  of,  to  sol- 
diers, II,  145 ;  making  of,  by 
Junior  Red  Cross,   II,   198 

Africa,    soldier   from,    II,    2 

Ahrens,  Minnie  A.,  service  of,  as 
director  of  Bureau  of  Nursing 
Service,    I,    52,    II,    155 

Alderman,  U.  S.,  service  of,  on 
State  Executive  Committee,  I, 
128 

Algona,  historic  flag  at,  I,  156; 
contribution  from,  to  second 
war  fund,  I,  173;  Red  Cross 
auction   at,   I,    186,    187 

Aliens,    status   of,    II,    130 

"All  You  Need  Is  A  Heart  and  A 
Dollar",   slogan    of,    I,    125,    126 

Allamakee  County,  Red  Cross 
members   in,    I,   99,   135 

Allotments,  information  concern- 
ing, II,  80,  88 ;  assistance  in 
securing,   II,    136,    143 

Allowances,  information  concern- 
ing, II,  64,  80,  88;  assistance 
in  securing,  II,  136,  143;  scale 
of,    II,   219 


Almy,  Frederic,  comment  by,  on 
home  service,   II,    113,    120,   121 

Alton,   work  of  canteen   at,    II,    58 

Alvord,  livestock  donated  to  Red 
Cross  by,   I,    190 

Ambulances,    provision   for,    II,   44 

American  Association  for  the  Re- 
lief of  Misery  on  Battlefields, 
formation  of,  I,  19;  end  of,  I, 
20 

American  Nurses'  Association,  co- 
operation of,  with  Red  Cross, 
II,   153 

American  Red  Cross  (see  Red 
Cross,    American) 

Ames,  contribution  from,  to  sec- 
ond war  fund,  I,  166;  Red 
Cross  supplies  sent  to,  II,  26; 
work  of  home  service  section 
in,  II,  92 ;  emergency  hospital 
in,   II,   94 

Anaconda  Copper  Mining  Com- 
pany, gift  of,  to  Red  Cross,  I, 
143 

Anamosa,  Red  Cross  work  at,  I, 
89 

"Andes"  (boat),  wounded  trans- 
ported by,    I,   5 

Annual  membership,  requirements 
for,   I,   90 

Apples,  distribution  of,  to  troops, 
II,    54,   55 

Argentina,   Red  Cross  chapters  in, 

I,  215 

Arizona,  Junior  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership   in,    II,    190 

Armenia,  massacres  in,  I,  25,  26; 
donations   for   relief   of.    I,    203 

Aimistice,  effect  of,  on  Red  Cross 
roll  call,  I,  134;  effect  of,  on 
home     service    work    in     camps, 

II,  130 

Army,  morale  of,   II,   60,  61;   need 

of    nurses    for,     II,     161,     166; 

nurses     assigned     to,     II,     168; 

work  of  Junior  Red  Cross  for, 

II,    196,    197 
Army  Nurse  Corps,  representative 

of,    on    committee,    II,    153 ;    re- 


237 


238 


INDEX 


serve  of,  II,  156;  assignment  of 
nurses  to,   II,   157,   158 

Arrick,  Clifford,  service  of,  in  sec- 
ond war  fund   drive,    I,    162 

Arthur,  Chester  A.,  Red  Cross 
Treaty   favored  by,   I,   23 

Articles,  number  of.  furnished  by 
Red  Cross,  II,  22,  25,  26,  27, 
28,  29;  value  of,  II.  25 

Associate  directors,  Red  Cross, 
status  of,  II,  126,  127,  128, 
131 

Associated  Advertising  Clubs  of 
the  World,   president  of,   I,   154 

Associated  Charities,  enrollment 
of,   in   Red  Cross,   I,    221 

Atkinson,  James,  svreater  donated 
by,    I,    152 

Atlantic  Division,  Red  Cross, 
number  of  members  in,  I,  93 ; 
number  of  Junior  Red  Cross 
members   in,    II,    188 

"Attention  service",  conduct  of, 
II,    40,    41 

Auctions,  use  of,  for  Red  Cross, 
I,    166.    169,    186-190 

Audubon  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership   in.    I.    135 

Aurora  (Illinois),  production  of 
surgical   dressings   at,  II,    20 

Austrians,  care  of  wounded  of,  I, 
7-10 

Auto  rides,  provision  for,  at  Fort 
Pes   Moines,    II,    147 

Autographs,  book  of,    I,    150 

Automobiles,  use  of,  for  Red 
Cross.    II,    35-38 

Auxiliaries,  Red  Cross,  organiza- 
tion of,  I.  35,  47.  48.  49,  80, 
81,  82-89,  II,  185,  186,  188, 
189,  190 ;  number  of.  in  Sioux 
Citv.  I,  86 ;  number  of,  in 
Woodburv  County,  I,  86,  II, 
28,  29:  schools  as,  I.  91.  92; 
finances  of.    T.    183.    185,    186 

Auxiliarv  Relief  Corps,  use  of 
Red  Cross  emblem   by,   I.    15 

Aviator  jackets,   number  of,   II,  28 

Axson,  Stockton,  election  of.  as 
secretary  of  the  American  Red 
Cross,    II,    204 

Babies,   clothing  for,  II.   198 
Baggage,    cheeking   of,    for  troops, 

IT.    53 
Baker,    George   B.,    service   of,    on 

State    Executive    Committee,     I, 

128 
Baker,     Newton     T)..     Red     Cross 


speech  by,    I,    142 ;    letter  from, 

concerning    Iowa's     Red     Cross 

work,    II,    208,    209    (see    also 

Secretary   of  War) 
Balkan   War,   Red  Cross   relief   in, 

I,    25 
Bananas,       distribution       of,       to 

troops,    II.   53 
Bancroft,     contribution     from,     to 

second  war   fund,   I,    166 
Bandages,   making  of,    IT,    29 
Bankers,    solicitation    of,    for    Red 

Cross,    I,    170 
Banks,     Red    Cross    booths    in,     I, 

133;     Red    Cross    dividends    of, 

I.  143;    use    of,    as    Red    Cross 
depositories,    I,    143,    144 

Banquet,    eatless,    I,    195,    196 
Bard,     Ralph     A.,     service    of,     as 

director    of    Bureau    of    Military 

Relief,    I.    51 
Barroom.   Red  Cross  workroom  in, 

II.  12.    13 

Barton,  Clara,  service  of,  in 
Franco-Prussian  War.  I.  18, 
19.  21:  efforts  of.  to  secure  rat- 
ification of  Geneva  Treaty,  I, 
19-23:  work  of,  in  disaster  re- 
lief, I.  24-26;  resignation  of, 
from   Red   Cross,   I,    27,    28 

Base  hospital  units,  organization 
of,  II.  158.  159.  160;  e(|uip- 
ment  of,  TI,  159:  mobilization 
of.   IT.    160;   number  of.   11,160 

Baseball,  gnme  of,  at  Fort  Des 
Mnines.    IT.    148 

Bathing,  facilities  for,  II,  44,  45, 
52 

Bazaars,  holding  of.  bv  Junor 
Red  Cross.    IT.    194,    195 

Bear,  Ben.  Red  Cross  pig  club 
managed  by.   I,    192 

Bed   shirts,    number   of,    II,    28 

Bedford,  collection  of  nut  products 
at,    IT,    35 

Beeves,  auction  of,  for  Red  Cross, 
T.    169 

Beltrian  hares,  sale  of,  at  Red 
Cross   auction.   I.    151 

Belgian  relief,  work  of  Red  Cross 
for.    IT,   30-33 

Belgian  Relief  Committee,  work 
of,    in   Des  Moines.    IT,    33 

Belgian   shiwls,   number  of,   II,  :11 

Belcium.  Red  Cross  denartment 
for.  I.  215;  garments  for  refu- 
gees  of.   IT.   193,    199 

Bell,  Keller  .T.,  service  of.  in  sec- 
ond war  fund  drive.  I,   163 


INDEX 


239 


Belle  Plaine,  Red  Cross  canteen 
at,    II,   218 

Bellows,  Henrv  W.,  interest  of,  in 
Red  Cross,    I,    19 

Belmond,  contribution  from,  to 
second   war  fund,    I,    173 

Benton  County,  second  war  fund 
drive  in,  I,  165;  Council  of  De- 
fense of,   I,    165 

Bicknell,  Ernest  P.,  service  of,  as 
director  of  Department  of  Civil- 
ian  Relief,   II,   68 

Black  Hawk  County,  Red  Cross 
membership  in,  I,  135,  136; 
donation  from,  to  first  war 
fund,    I,    157 

Blankets,  furnishing  of,  during 
influenza    epidemic,    II,    93 

Bliss,  Cornelius  N.,  Jr.,  service 
of,  for  Red  Cross,  I,  39,  II, 
204 

Block  system,  use  of,  in  Des 
Moines,   I,    130,    131 

Boardman,  Mabel  T.,  office  of,  in 
Red  Cross,   I,  28 

Bonuses,  assistance  in  securing, 
II,  65;  information  concerning, 
II,    80 

Books,  furnishing  of,  to  troops, 
II,    127 

Boone,  work  of  Red  Cross  can- 
teen at,   II,   51,   52,  54,   55,  218 

Boone  County,  work  of  Red  Cross 
canteen    in,    II,    54 

Bottles,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
199 

Bowles,  Charles  S.  P.,  presence  of, 
at  Geneva  Conference,   I,   12,  16 

Boxes,  making  of,  by  Junior  Red 
Cross,    II,    198 

Boy  Scouts,  work  of,  for  Red 
Cross,  I,  95,  108,  115,  130, 
148 ;  work  of,  for  Belgian  re- 
lief,   II.    33 

"Bovs,  Where  Do  We  Go  From 
Here,  Oh,"   I,   149 

Brackin,  D.  C,  Red  Cross  speech 
by,   I,   146 

Bradshaw,  Charles,  bids  by,  I, 
150 

Braisted.  William  C,  request  of, 
for  nurses,  II,  161  (see  also 
Surgeon   General   of  the  Navy) 

Branches.  Red  Cross,  organization 
of.  I,  34.  35.  46-49,  74,  80,  81. 
82-89;  plan  of  organization  of, 
in  Iowa.  I,  82-89:  relation  of, 
to  chapters,  I,  83-89;  finances 
of,     I,     183,     185,     186;     work- 


rooms of,  II,  8-11;  friction  be- 
tween chapters  and,  II,  14,  15; 
number  of,  in  Woodbury  Coun- 
ty, II,  28;  home  service  sec- 
tions of,   II,   72 

Brass,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
199 

Breckenridge,  Sergeant,  Red 
Cross  speech  bv,  I,  147 ;  record 
of,    I,   227 

Bremer  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership  in.   I,   135 

British  Expeditionary  Force,  base 
hospitals    assigned    to,    II,    160 

Britton,  John  W.,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  commit- 
tee,  I,    100 

Brothers,    allowances   for,    II,    219 

Brushes,  distribution  of,  to  sol- 
diers,  II,    141,    145 

Buckingham,  L.  R.,  services  of, 
on  State  Executive  Committee, 
I,    128 

Buckley,   Mabel,   pony   donated  by, 

I,  150 

Buena  Vista  County,  second  war 
fund   drive   in,    I,    165 

Buffalo  meat,  sale  of,  for  Red 
Cross,    I,    187 

Burch,  Major,  comment  of,  on 
women's   motor   corps,    II,    38 

Burlington,  organization  of  Red 
Cross  chapter  at.  I,  61,  62; 
Red  Cross  membership  cam- 
paign in.  I,  117,  118,  119, 
133;  Red  Cross  meeting  at,  I, 
145;    Red    Cross    workroom    in, 

II,  13;  work  of  Red  Cross 
chapter  at,  II,  28;  Red  Cross 
canteen  at,  II,  54.  218;  home 
service  course  at,  II,  103  ;  com- 
mittee at,  on  nursing  service, 
II,  155 ;  campaign  in,  for 
nurses.    II.    164,    165 

Burlington  Reserves,  participation 
of,  in  Red  Cross  parade,  I,  118 

Butter,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
187 

Byers,    H.   W.,   speech  by,   I,   120 

Byington,  Margaret,  home  service 
sections    inspected    by,     II,     74, 


Cakes,    sale    of,    for   Red   Cross,    I, 
187;    distribution    of,    to    troops. 
II.   55,    145.    148 
Calabria,    earthquake   at,    I,    2 
Calhoun    County,    number    of    Red 
Cross  members   in,   I,   99 


240 


INDEX 


California,  soldiers  from,  II,  54: 
Junior  Red  Cross  membership 
in,   II,    190 

Calmar,  Red  Cross  pigs  loaded  at, 

I,  192 

Camp  communities,  home  service 
work   in,   II,    149-151 

Camp  Dodge,  Red  Cross  supplies 
sent  to,  II,  26,  31;  service  of 
women's  motor  corps  at,  II,  37, 
38;  work  of  Red  Cross  in,  dur- 
ing influenza  epidemic,  II,  94; 
Red  Cross  camp  service  in,  II,  , 
133-140;   convalescent  house  at, 

II,  138;  nurses'  home  at,  II, 
138;  Red  Cross  staff  at,  11, 
139;  Christmas  celebration  at, 
II,    139,    140 

Camp  Dodfier,  notice  in,  concern- 
ing home  service  work,   II,    134 

Camp  service,  purpose  of,  II,  124, 
125;  organization  of,  II,  124, 
125;  work  of  Red  Cross  in,  II, 
124-151:  attitude  of  army  ♦o- 
ward,  II.  126;  experiences  uf 
men  in,  II,  128,  129,  130;  ac- 
tivities of,  II,  131;  cost  of,  II, 
132;  work  of,  in  Iowa,  II,  133- 
151 

Camp  Service,  Bureau  of  (Na- 
tional), organization  of,  II, 
124,    126 

Campaign  manager,  selection  of, 
T,    102;   work  of,    I,    103 

Campnifjn  Plan  Boole,  issue  of,  by 
Red  Cross,  I,   159 

Camps.  Red  Cross  supplies  sent 
to,  II,  20,  132;  work  of  Red 
Cross  in.  II,  124-151;  home 
service  work  in.  II,  126-131; 
sewing  for.   II.    196,   197 

Canadian  Red  Cross,  button  of, 
I.   151 

Canal  Zone.  Red  Cross  chapters 
in,  T,   215 

Canary,  sale  of,  at  Red  Cross  auc- 
tion, I.   151 

Candv.  distribution  of.  to  soldiers, 
IT,  40.  42.  47.  49,  55,   145.    148 

Canes,  distribution  of.  to  soldiers, 
IT,  145.  148:  making  of,  by 
Junior  Red   Cross,    IT,    197 

Cavteen  Directory.  American  Red 
Cros.i.  canteens  listed  in,  II,  51, 
52,    218 

Canteen  huts,  equipment  of,  IT, 
43.    44,   45 

Canteen  service,  local  committees 
on,    I,    80,    82;    account    of,    IT, 


39-58;  purpose  of,  IT,  40,  41; 
accomplishment  of,  IT,  45-58 ; 
director  of,  IT,  46;  demobiliza- 
tion of,   II,   46;    cost  of,    IT,   50, 

52.  53,    54 

Canteen  Service,  Bureau  of  (Cen- 
tral Division),  organization  of, 
IT,    49,    50 

Canteen  Service,  Bureau  of  (Na- 
tional), organization  of,  IT,  39, 
40 

Canteen  workers,  uniforms  of,  IT, 
44;    number  of,    IT,   46,    50,   52, 

53,  54;    story  of,   IT,   56,    57 
Canteens,   Red    Cross,    location    of, 

IT,  42,  45 ;  notices  of  troop 
trains  sent  to,  IT,  42,  43  ;  num- 
ber of.  IT,  46.  49,  51,  52;  work 
of,  II,  46-58,  148;  establish- 
ment of,  in  Iowa,  IT,  50.  51; 
objection  to,  IT,  51;  closing  of, 
IT.  205 ;  list  of  cities  in  Iowa 
with.   II.   218 

Cantonments.  Red  Cross  supplies 
sent  to,  IT,  20 

Carroll  County.  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership   in,    I,    135 

Case.  George  B.,  service  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,  40 

Case  work,  use  of,  in  home  ser- 
vice,   IT.   65,    66,   67 

Casey,  Red  Cross  auction  at,  I, 
186 

Cass  Countv,  Red  Cross  member- 
ship in,  I,  135;  Red  Cross  auc- 
tion   in.   I,    188 

Castalia,  Red  Cross  pigs  loaded 
at,    I,    192 

Cats,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
149,    150 

Cedar  Falls,  organization  of  Red 
Cross  chapter  at,  I,  62 ;  work 
of  home  service  section  in,  II, 
92 

Cedar  Rapids,  number  of  Red 
Cross  members  in,  T.  96.  136; 
second  Christmas  roll  call  in,  I, 
132;  Red  Cross  meeting  at,  I, 
145:  collection  of  nut  products 
at.  II,  35;  work  of  canteen  at, 
IT,  52,  54,  218:  work  of  home 
service  section  of,  II,  91;  home 
service  course  at,  IT,  102,  103, 
107;  explosion  at,  IT,  122,  123: 
committee  at.  on  nursing  ser- 
vice. IT.  155;  visiting  nurses 
in.   IT.    179 

Centerville,  home  service  confer- 
ence   at,    II.    106 


INDEX 


241 


Central  Committee,  Red  Cross, 
funds  supervised  by,  I,  140; 
restoration   of,   II,    203 

Central  Division,  Red  Cross,  head- 
quarters of,  I,  49  ;  managers  of, 
I,  49,  50;  States  in,  I,  49, 
215;  organization  of,  I,  49-54; 
bureaus  of,  I,  50-54,  II,  11, 
34;  chapters  in,  I,  64,  71,  72, 
78,  79;  attitude  of,  toward 
branches  and  auxiliaries,  I,  83, 
84;  members  of  Red  Cross  in, 
I,  92,  93,  121,  134;  assign- 
ment of  membershi])  quotas  in, 
I,  110,  111;  roll  call  committee 
of,  I,  127,  128;  first  war  fund 
drive  in,  I,  156;  second  war 
fund  drive  in,  I,  162,  163 ;  ad 
vice  from,  on  raising  money,  I 
184,    185;    historical   reports   in 

I,  218;  plan  of,  for  supply  ser 
vice,  II,  4;  Red  Cross  supplies 
produced  in,  II,  19-22;  call  of 
for  surgical  dressings,  II,  20 
clothing  collected  in,  for  refu 
gees,  II,  32,  33;  canteen  ser 
vice  in,  II,  49,  50 ;  home  ser 
vice  work  in,  II,  69,  70,  74 
75,  85,  86,  90,  91,  122,  150 
151;    field   representatives    from 

II,  79,  83,  85,  8G;  report  to, 
II,  95 ;  home  service  institutes 
conducted  by,  II,  101-107;  ap 
preciation  of  trained  social 
workers  in,  II,  118;  represen 
tatives  from,  at  Cedar  Rapids 
II,  122 ;  Department  of  Nurs 
ing  in,  II,  155  ;  nurses  enrolled 
in,  II,  160,  164,  165,  166,  167 
168,  169;  quota  of,  in  cam 
paign  for  nurses,  II,  169;  reg 
istration  of  nurses  in,  II,  174 
175;  statistics  concerning  work 
of  Red  Cross  chapters  in,  dur 
ing  nursing  survey,  II,  175 
directors  of  Junior  Red  Cross 
in,  II,  185 ;  Junior  Red  Cross 
program  in,  II,  187;  number 
of  Junior  Red  Cross  members 
in,  II,  188,  189,  190;  number 
of  junior  auxiliaries  in,  II,  188, 
190;  financial  statistics  of  Ju- 
nior Red   Cross  in,   II,    191 

Central  Division,  Bulletin.  The, 
objections  to  war  chest  plan 
printed  in,  I,  176 ;  instructions 
in,  concerning  use  of  chapter 
funds,   I,    185;    comment  in,   on 


auctions  in  Iowa,  I,  190;  quo- 
tation from,  concerning  sup- 
plies, II,  15 ;  career  of  Living- 
ston  Farrand  given   in,   II,   203 

Central  Trust  Company  of  New 
York,  Red  Cross  war  fund  su- 
pervised by,   I,    143 

Cerro  Gordo  County,  Red  Cross 
work  in,  II,  29,  30 

Chain  letters,  objections  of  Red 
Cross  to   use  of,   I,    184 

Chairs,  making  of,  by  Junior  Red 
Cross,   II,   197 

Chamber  of  Commerce  (Des 
Moines),  Red  Cross  meeting  at, 
I,  94,  147,  148;  objections  of, 
to   war   chest,   I,    179,   180 

Chaplain,  presence  of,  in  hospital 
unit,    II,    159 

Chapter  Development,  Bureau  of, 
organization  of,  I,  43  ;  work  of, 
I,   43 

Chapters,  Red  Cross,  organization 
of,  I,  34,  35,  46-59,  61-79,  96; 
number  of,  I,  34,  48,  49,  64, 
65,    66,    II,    190;    charters    for, 

I,  62,  63 ;  difficulties  of  organ- 
izing in  Iowa,  I,  67-79;  officers 
and  committees  of,  I,  79-82;  re- 
lation of,  to  branches,  I,  83-89; 
relation  of,  to  auxiliaries,  I, 
85,  86;  finances  of,  I,  174,  183, 
185,  186,  202,  203;  historical 
reports  by,  I,  218;  supply  ser- 
vice in,  II,  3,  4;  quotas  of,  II, 
5,  6,  7,  23 ;  materials  distrib- 
uted to,  II,  6,  7;  distribution 
of  articles  by,  II,  7,  8,  11,  12, 
17;  workrooms  of,  II,  8-13; 
production  of  supplies  by,  in 
Iowa,  II,  11,  12;  problems  in 
administration  of.  II,  14-17; 
failure    of,    to    follow    directions, 

II,  14-17:  Belgian  relief  work 
of,  II,  32 ;  canteen  work  of, 
II,  40,  41,  42,  50,  51;  civilian 
relief  committees  of,  II,  70, 
71;  home  service  work  of,  II, 
74,  75,  79,  80,  81,  86,  87,  88; 
home  service  courses  for,  II, 
103-105;  requests  of.  for 
trained  secretaries,  II,  118;  re- 
plies of,  to  camp  service  in- 
quiries, II,  129,  130;  nursing 
service  in  charge  of,  II,  153, 
163,  164;  reports  from,  on 
nursing   survey,    II,    175 

Chapters,  Department  of,  work  of. 


VOL.    I 17 


242 


INDEX 


I,    33,   34,   35 ;   districts   created 
by,   I,   215 
Chariton,    Red    Cross    meeting    at, 

I,  145;     donation    of,    to    Red 
Cross,    I,    157 

Cherokee,    Red    Cross    hospital    at, 

II,  95 

Chests,  making  of,  by  Junior  Red 

Cross,   II,   197 
Chevrons,  sewing  on,   II,   53 

Chicago  (Illinois),  Central  Divi- 
sion headquarters  at,  I,  19; 
Red  Cross  supplies  sent  to,  I, 
58,  84,  87,  II,  34;  number  of 
Red  Cross  members  in,  I,  92; 
sale  of  Red  Cross  pigs  at,  I, 
193,  194;  conference  at,  II, 
20 ;  work  of  canteen  at,  II,  47, 
48;  troops  from,  II,  56;  field 
representative  from,  II,  86 ; 
home  service  institutes  in,  II, 
101;  nurses'  parade  at,  II, 
164;  superintendent  of  schools 
in,   II,    185 

Chicago,  United  Charities  of,  su- 
perintendent of,    II,    68 

Chicago  School  of  Civics  and 
Philanthropy,  institute  spon- 
sored by,    II,    101 

Chickasaw  County,  work  of  home 
service  section   in,    II,   92 

Child  "Welfare  League  of  Sioux 
City,   census   for,  I,    198 

Children,  influence  of,  on  Red 
Cross  membership,  I,  97;  part 
of,  in  Des  Moines  parade,  I, 
168;  care  of,  II,  80;  organiza- 
tion of,  by  Red  Cross,  II,  181- 
202 ;  contributions  of,  to  Red 
Cross,  II,  181,  182;  training 
of,  for  citizenship,  II,  182,  183, 
184;  proclamation  of  President 
Wilson  to,  II,  183,  184;  train- 
ing of,  in  history,  II,  192 ; 
clothing  for,  made  by  Junior 
Red  Cross,  II,  198;  effect  of 
Junior  Red  Cross  on,  II,  199, 
200,  201;  allowances  for,  II, 
219 

China,   famine  in,  I,   60,   61 

China,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
200 

Chocolate,  distribution  of,  to 
troops,    IT.   47,   53,    54 

Christmas,  Red  Cross  membership 
campaign  at,  I,  100109;  Red 
Cross  ceremony  for,  I,  108, 
109 ;  packages  distributed  at, 
II,   134;   work  of  Red  Cross  in 


celebration  of,  II,  139,  140; 
celebration  of,  at  Fort  Des 
Moines,    II,    147,    148 

Christmas  Membership  Drive  Com- 
mittee, work  of,  in  Iowa,  I, 
109,    110 

Christmas    roll   call,    I,    122-136  _ 

Churches,  Red  Cross  membership 
campaign  in,  I,  97,  105,  107, 
108,  115,  116,  117,  126;  part 
of,  in  War  Fund  drives,  I,  146, 
147,    159,    163 

Cigarettes,  distribution  of,  to 
troops,  II,  40,  47,  49,  53,  54, 
132,    145 

Ciears,  distribution  of,  to  soldiers, 
11,    47,    145 

Cincinnati   (Ohio),  social  work  in, 

11,  69 

Cities,  response  of,  to  Red  Cross 
roll  call,  I,  136,  145;  popula- 
tion of,  II,  110,  111,  113;  so- 
cial   organizations    in,    II,    110, 

111,  113 

Citv   halls.    Red   Cross   workrooms 

in,   II,    12 
Civil  rights   act,   study  of,   II,    97, 

98 
Civil  War,    care   of  soldiers  in,   I, 

12,  13,  14,  15,  16;  work  of 
women   in,   I,   32 

Civilian  relief,  local  committee  on, 

I,  80,     82 ;     responsibility    for, 

II,  68;  departments  of,  II,  68, 
69 

Civilian  Relief,  Bureau  of  (Cen- 
tral Division),  directors  of,  I, 
51 ;    work   of,    I,    51 

Civilian  Relief,  Bureau  of  (Nii- 
tional),  organization  of,  I,  42; 
work  of,  I,  43 ;  director  of,  I, 
214 

Civilian  Relief,  Department  of 
(Central  Division),  field  repre- 
sentatives from,  II,  79,  81,  82; 
officers   of,    II,    106 

Civilian  Relief,  Department  of 
(National),  work  of,  I,  32,33, 
II,  67;  handbook  issued  by, 
IT,    64;    directors  of,   IT,    68,69, 

112,  204;  institutes  for  home 
service  workers  provided  by, 
IT,  97;  standards  of  poor  relief 
set  bv,  IT,  115;  camp  service 
of,  IT,   125,   128 

Civilian  relief  committee,  kind  of 
chairman  needed  for,  II,  82, 
83 

Clarinda,    success    of    second    war 


INDEX 


243 


fund  drive  in,  I,  166;  contri- 
bution from,  to  Belgian  relief, 
II,  33 

Clean-up  campaigns,  work  of 
Junior  Red  Cross  in,  II,   193 

Clemens,  Ashton,  Red  Cross  speech 
by,   I,    147 

Clergymen,  objection  to,  as  home 
service   chairmen,    II,    82,    83 

Clerical  help,  furnishing  of,  dur- 
ing influenza  epidemic,   II,   94 

Clinton,  organization  of  Red  Cross 
chapter  at,  I,  62;  Red  Cross 
membership  campaign  at,  I, 
115,  116,  131;  work  of  Red 
Cross  chapter  at,  II,  28 ;  work 
of  Red  Cross  canteen  at,  II, 
51-54,   218 

Clothing,  collection  of,  by  Red 
Cross,  I,  199-201,  II,  31-33; 
production  of,  II,  17-19;  mak- 
ing of,  bv  Junior  Red  Cross, 
II,   198,    199 

Coats,    repair   of,    II,    53 

Coffee,  serving  of,  to  troops,  II, 
47,   53,   54,   148 

Cogswell,  E.  R.,  service  of,  in  sec- 
ond war  fund  drive,    I,    162 

Coliseum  (Des  Moines),  Red  Cross 
meeting  at,   I,    148-152 

Colorado,  University  of,  president 
of,   II,   203 

Colored  soldiers,  Christmas  cele- 
bration for,  II,    140 

Columbia  University,  mention  of, 
II,  200 

Combs,  distribution  of,  II,  141, 
145 

Comfort  kits,  production  of.  II,  3, 
23,  25,  27,  28,  199;  distribu- 
tion of,   II,   124,    141,    145 

Comforts,  furnishing  of,  during 
infliienza    epidemic,    II,    93 

Commercial  Club  (Vinton),  Red 
Cross  work  of,    I,    165 

Commission  for  Relief  in  Belgium, 
cooperation  of  Red  Cross  with, 
II,    32 

Committees,  appointment  of,  for 
Red  Cross  chapters,  I,  79,  30; 
list   of,    I,    80,    81 

Communication  service,  function 
of,  in  camps,  II,  126,  127,  141, 
145 ;  work  of,  at  Fort  Des 
Moines,    II,    142,    145 

Community  agents,  duties  of,  II, 
150 

Compensation,  information  con- 
cerning,  II,   64,   80,   145 


Congress,  first  prayer  in,  I,  150; 
act  of,  for  soldiers'  families,  II, 
61;  act  of,  concerning  duties 
of  Red  Cross,   II,  67,  68 

Conner,  James  P.,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross   State   Board,    I,   60 

Conservation,  work  of  Red  Cross 
for,    II,    34,    35 

Conservation,  Bureau  of,  estab- 
lishment of,  II,  34;  articles 
shipped  to,    II,    34 

Contingent  Relief  Fund,  Red 
Cross,  I,    137,    138,    139 

Contributing  membership,  require- 
ments for,   I,   90 

Convalescent  gowns,  number  of, 
II,    28 

Convalescent  homes,  supervision 
of,  II,  127;  accommodations  of, 
II,  127;  number  of,  II,  131; 
construction  of,  II,  138;  equip- 
ment of,  II,  138;  sewing  for, 
II,  196,  197;  furniture  for,  II, 
196,    197,   199 

Convalescent  robes,  distribution 
of,    II,   26 

Cook,  Mr.,  comment  by,  on  Flor- 
ence Nightingale,   I,   6 

Cooke,  D.  W.,  service  of,  as  direc- 
tor of  Bureau  of  Supplies  and 
Transportation,    I,    215 

Cookies,  distribution  of,  to  sol- 
diers, II,   47,   53,   54,   148 

Cooks,  provision  for,  during  influ- 
enza  epidemic,   II,    94 

Cooley,  Edwin  G.,  service  of,  as 
director  of  Junior  Red  Cross, 
II,    185,   187 

Cooperation,    local    committee    on, 

I,  80 

Corn,  Red  Cross  emblem  in,  I, 
173,  174;  husking  of,  by  wom- 
en, for  Red  Cross,   I,   195 

Corpsmen,  number  of,  in  hospital 
units,   II,    159 

Cots,  furnishing  of,  by  Red  Cross, 
during  influenza  epidemic,  II, 
93,  94 

Council  Bluffs,  organization  of 
Red  Cross  chapter  at,  I,  62,  76, 
77,  78 ;  branches  of  Red  Cross 
chapter  at,  I,  86;  Red  Cross 
meeting  at,  I,  145;  contribution 
from,  to  Belgian  relief,  II,  33; 
collection    of    nut    products    at, 

II,  35;  work  of  canteen  at,  II, 
52,  218;  salaried  home  service 
secretary  in,  II,  87;  work  of 
home  service  section  in,  II,  92 ; 


244 


INDEX 


home  service  institute  at,  II, 
101,    103,    172,    224 

Counties,  use  of,  as  Red  Cross 
chapter  units,  I,  71-79;  records 
of,  in  Christmas  roll  call,  I, 
134-136;  per  cent  of  population 
of,  enrolled  in  Red  Cross,  I, 
135,  136;  problems  of,  in  poor 
relief,   II,    113,    114 

Courthouses,  Red  Cross  -work- 
rooms in,  II,   12,  13 

Covsh,  Corporal,  work  of,  for  Red 
Cross,    I,    163,    164 

Cresco,   Red  Cross  pigs  loaded  at, 

I,  192 

Creston,  Red  Cross  meeting  at,  I, 
145;  Red  Cross  canteen  at,  II, 
218 

Crimean  War,  care  of  wounded 
in,   I,  2-7 

Croix  de   Guerre,   presentation  of, 

II,  148 

Crutch  pads,  giving  of,  to  soldiers, 

II,   145 
Cuba,    Red    Cross    chapters    in,    I, 

215 

Dana,  donation  from,  to  Red 
Cross,    I,    157 

Dances,  giving  of,  at  Fort  Des 
Moines,    II,    147,    149 

Daniels,  Josephus,  request  of,  for 
naval   auxiliaries,    I,   48 

Dansville  (New  York),  Red  Cross 
organization   at,    I,   24 

D'Arcy,  "W.  C,  Des  Moines  ad- 
vertising commended  by,   I,   154 

Darrah,  John  B.,  service  of,  on 
State  Executive  Committee,  I, 
128 

Darrah,  "W.  B.,  service  of,  on 
State  Executive  Committee,  I, 
128 

Davenport,  number  of  Red  Cross 
members  at,  I,  96;  Red  Cross 
meeting  at,  I,  145 ;  Red  Cross 
subscription  pledges  at,  I,  202 ; 
work  of  home  service  section 
in,  II,  92,  93 ;  home  service 
course  at,  II,  103;  Red  Cross 
canteen  at,    II,   218 

Davidson,  Walter,  presence  of,  at 
home  service  conference,  II, 
106 

Davis,  James  C,  Red  Cross  auc- 
tion in  charge  of,  I,  149,  150, 
151 

Davison,  Henrv  P.,  service  of,  for 
Red    Cross,    I,    39,    41,    42,    II, 


204,  206;  announcement  of 
1918  Christmas  roll  call  made 
by,  I,  122,  123 ;  comment  by, 
concerning  home  service,  II, 
119;  service  of,  on  Executive 
Committee,    II,    204 

Dawson,  A.  P.,  service  of,  on 
State  Executive  Committee,  I, 
128 

Deacon,  J.  BjTon,  selection  of,  as 
acting  director  general  of  civil- 
ian   relief,    II,    204 

Dean,  Arthur  D.,  comment  by,  on 
effect  of  Junior  Red  Cross,  II, 
200,    201 

Decatur  County,  contribution  from, 
to   Belgian   relief,    II,    33 

Deeorah,  organization  of  Red 
Cross  chapter  at,  I,  82;  part 
of,  in  Winneshiek  County  pig 
club,   I,    192,   193 

DeForest,  Robert  W.,  election  of, 
as  vice  president  of  the  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross,   II,   204 

Delano,  Jane  A.,  Bureau  of  Nurs- 
ing in  charge  of,  II,  152 ;  death 
of,   II,    152 

Delaware,  Junior  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership   in,    II,    190 

Delaware  County,  use  of  war 
chest  in,   I,    179 

Deming,  J.  K.,  service  of,  on  Red 
Cross   State   Board,   I,   60 

Demobilization,  home  service  dur- 
ing,  II,   64,   65 

Dentists,  provision  for,  II,  44,  159 

Dependents,  care  of,  by  Red  Cross, 
II,  59-123;  classes  of,  II,  61; 
allotments  to,  II,  61,  62  (see 
also   Families   of   soldiers) 

De  Puy.  Clifford,  work  of,  in  first 
war  fund  drive,   I.    146 

Des  Moines,  Red  Cross  supplies 
sent  to,  I.  58,  84,  87,  88,  II, 
11,  12:  Red  Cross  convention 
at,  I,  59,  145;  organization  of 
Red  Cross  chapter  at,  I,  62 ; 
Red  Cross  membership  campaign 
in.  I,  93-96,  116,  117,  130, 
131;  first  war  fund  drive  in,  I, 
145-156;  Red  Cross  advertising 
in.  I,  152-154;  second  war  fund 
drive  in,  I,  167,  168;  parade 
in.  I,  167,  168;  refusal  of,  to 
adopt  war  chest,  I,  179,  180; 
meals  at,  for  benefit  of  Red 
Cross,  I.  195:  eatless  banquet 
at,  I,  195,  196:  salvage  station 
at,  I,  201;  origin  of  service  flag 


INDEX 


245 


for  Red  Cross  in,  I,   222;   pro- 
duction    of     surgical     dressings 
by     II,    20,     30;    contributions 
from,   to  Belgian  relief,   II,   33; 
work    of    women's    motor    corps 
at    II    37,   38;  work  of  canteen 
at!   11,   51,  52,    139,   218;   work 
of   home   service   section   in,    ii, 
92    93,   150,   151;   work  of  Kett 
Cross    in.    during    influenza    epi- 
demic   II,  94;  convalescent  hos- 
pital  at,   II,    94,   95;    camps   at, 
II     133 ;    athletic    meet    at,    li, 
146  •      soldiers     entertained     by 
people  from,  II,  149 ;  committee 
at,   on  nursing  service,   II,   1&  J  ; 
campaign     for     nurses     m,     11, 
164       165;      superintendent     ot 
schools    at,    II,    184;    headquar- 
ters of  Junior  Red  Cross  at,  11, 
185;    supplies    made   by    Junior 
Red  Cross  in,  II,   199 
Des    Moines,    Associated    Chanties 

of,   secretary  of,   II,   134     138 
Des    Moines    County,     Red    Cross 
membership    drive    m,    1,     li». 
119    133,   134;   war  club  of,   i, 
133',   134,    179 
Des    Moines    Orpheum,    shows    by, 

at  Fort  Des  Moines,    H.    1*7 
Bes  Moines  Register,  The,  flag  do- 
nated bv.  for  Junior  Red  Cross 
contest,   II,    189,    190 
Detroit      (Michigan),     Red     Cross 
supplies    sent    to,    I,    57;    home 
service  institute   at,    11,    i"^      , 
Development,    Bureau    of    (^'^"y'n 
Division),    directors    of,    1,    d^ , 
work  of,  I,  50,  51;  plan  of    for 
working    organization     of    chap- 
ters,  I,    79;    officers  of,    11,    1J-. 
106'-  ,    ,^T  ,.  „ 

Development,  Bureau  of  (Nation- 
al), director  of,  I,  215;  Bureau 
of  Junior  Membership  m,  11, 
184  ,    „ 

Development,  Department  of  Bu- 
reau of  Conservation  established 

in.    II,    34  •    •         „f 

Devine,    Edward    T.,    opinion    of, 
concerning   future   of   home   ser- 
vice,   II,    108  .         f      „ 
De  Wolf,   Sherman,   service  of,  on 
State    Executive    Committee,    1, 

Dickinson  County,  number  of  Red 
Cross    members    m,    I,    99,    l^u. 

Diet'etian      Service,      Bureau      of, 


courses  offered  by,  H,   170,   171 
Dietetics,  courses  in,  11,  loa,   i<y 
Dillman,    J.   F.,    service   of,    as   di- 
rector of  Bureau  of  Accounting, 
I,   53  ., 

Dinners,   serving  of,  to  troops,  ii, 

48,    49,   53 
Director,     State,    letter    from,     II, 
16    (see  also  Weaver,  James  a., 
and   Kepford,   A.    E.) 
Directors,    board    of,    election    of, 
for   Red    Cross    chapters,    I,    79, 

80  .  .    r>   J 

Disaster  relief,  activities  of  Red 
Cross  in,  I,  24-26,  35,  36  60, 
61 ;  local  committee  on,  at  Iowa 
Cit'v  I  82 ;  provision  for,  in 
Iowa,    il,    121-123 

Discharges,  investigations  relative 
to,  II,  132;  applications  for, 
II,   143 

Distinguished  Service  Crosses, 
presentation   of,    II,    148 

Distribution,  committee  in  charge 
of,   II,  4  ,  , 

District  of  Columbia,  number  01 
Red  Cross  members   in,    I,   92 

Divisions,  Red  Cross,  establish- 
ment of,   I,   44,   45  ,         .^  , 

Doctors,  place  of,  in  hospital 
units,   II,   159  ,      ^    • 

Dodge,  Cleveland  H.,  work  of,  m 
Red    Cross    financial    campaign, 

I.   141 
Dogs,   sale   of,    at  Red  Cross    auc- 
tion. I,   151  . 
Doubledav,    Frank   N.,    service   of, 
on   Red  Cross  membership   com- 
mittee,  I,    100 

Doughnuts,  serving  of,  to  troops, 
II     47,   53.    54.    148 

Douglas  Starch  Works,  explosion 
of.    II,    123,    123 

Drafted  men,  number  of,  served 
bv   canteens.    II,    53 

Dresses,  making  of,  by  Junior 
Red    Cross.    II,    198 

Drinks,    serving  of,   to   troops,    11, 

47  .      -o  A 

Dubuque,  organization  of  Ked 
Cross  chapter  at,  I,  62 ;  Ked 
Cross  membership  campaign  in, 
I,  115,  131;  Red  Cross  meeting 
at.  I,  145;  Sanitary  Pair  at,  I, 
1.56;'  Red  Cross  workroom  in, 
II  12  13;  contribution  from, 
to' Belgian  relief,  II,  33;  work 
of  canteen  at,  II.  54  218 ; 
home  service  course  at,   II,   lOd 


246 


INDEX 


Dubuque  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership campaign  in,  I,  115; 
subscription  of,  to  second  war 
fund,   I,    173 

Ducha,  Jacob,  picture  of,   I,   150 

Ducks,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
190 

Dunant,  Henri,  work  of,  I,  7-10, 
16,   17,  210 

Eagle  Grove,  Red  Cross  canteen 
at,    II,   218 

Edmunds,  T.  J.,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  Bureau  of  Civilian 
Relief,   I,   51,   69 

Education,  provision  for,  II,   65 

Edwards,  W.,  speeches  by,  for 
Red  Cross,    I,    164 

"Efficiency  walk",    II,    146 

Egj'pt,  Red  Cross  chapters  in,  I, 
215 

Eldora,  home  service  course  at, 
II,   103 

Emergency  relief,  provision  for, 
II,   63 

Emmet  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in,  I,   135 

Endowment  Fund,  Red  Cross,  I, 
137,    138,   140 

Englishman,  donation  of,  to  Red 
Cross,    I,    155,    156 

Entertainments,  objections  of  Red 
Cross  to,  I,  184;  provision  for, 
at  Fort  Des  Moines,  II,  146- 
148 

Epidemics,   prevention  of,   II,    176 

Epidemiologist,    State,  II,    106 

Ernsberger,  E.,  service  of,  on 
State  Executive  Committee,  I, 
128 

Estherville,  Red  Cross  meeting  at, 

I.  145 :    Red   Cross   canteen    at, 

II,  218 

Europe,  Red  Cross  supplies  sent 
to,  II,  17;  nurses  sent  to,  II, 
158:   letters  from,   II,   195 

Executive  Committee,  Red  Cross, 
members   of,    II,    204 

Executive  committees,  appointment 
of,  for  Red  Cross  chapters,  I, 
79,   80;   duties  of,  I,  80 

Executive  secretaries,  demand  for, 
II,    118 

Extension  Division,  work  of,  for 
home  service  chapter  courses, 
II,   103,   105,   106,    172 

Face  masks,  distribution  of,  II, 
26,    141 


Factories,  solicitation  of,  for  Red 
Cross,   I,    108 

Fairfield,  registration  of  nurses  at, 
II,    174 

Falkenhainer,  Al,  service  of,  on 
roll   call   committee,    I,    128 

Families  of  soldiers,  care  of,  by 
Red  Cross,  II,  59,  60,  62-64, 
81,  82,  104,  105,  107,  108, 
110,  125,  134-137,  143,  144, 
149-151;  allotment  of  pay  to, 
II,  61,  62;  methods  of  caring 
for,  II,  65,  66,  67;  number  of, 
aided  by  home  service,  II,  89- 
93 ;  information  furnished  to, 
II,    127,   128,    141 

Family  relief,  director  of,  II,  68; 
districts   for,    II,    68 

Famine,   relief  during,   II,   68 

Faris,  Ellsworth,  lectures  by,  at 
home  service  course,    II,    105 

Farmers,  hogs  donated  to  Red 
Cross  by,    I,    190-194 

Farrand,  Livingston,  comment  by, 
on  future  of  home  service,  II, 
112,  113,  204,  205;  service  of, 
as  chairman  of  Central  Com- 
mittee, II,  203;  career  of,  II, 
203,   204 

Father,  effect  of  absence  of,  on 
family,    II,    62 

Fayette  County,  Red  Cross  pig 
club  in,   I,   191 

Fenton,  Howard  W.,  service  of, 
as  manager  of  Central  Division, 

I,  50 ;    service    of,    on   roll    call 
committee,   I,    127 

Fentress,  Calvin,  service  of,  as  as- 
sociate manager  of  Central  Di- 
vision, I,  50:  service  of,  on 
roll  call   committee,   I,   127 

Field,  Wentworth  (t.,  service  of, 
in  second  war  fund  drive,  I, 
162 

Field  director,  Red  Cross,  status 
of,  TI,   126 

Field  Service,  Bureau  of,  director 
of.   II,    75 

Finances  of  American  Red  Cross, 
local  administration  of,  I,  81, 
84 ;  national  organization  for, 
T,   137-182,   II,   191 

Finkbine,  Mrs.  W.  O.,  service  of, 
in  campaign  for  nurses,   II,  166 

Fires,  relief  work  for  sufferers  in, 

II,  68 

First  aid,  local  committee  on.  T, 
80:  courses  in,  II,  169,  170, 
172 


INDEX 


247 


Flag,  offer  of,  as  prize,  I,  119, 
120,  II,  189,  190;  money 
thrown   into,    I,    195 

Flannery,  J.  Rogers,  service  of, 
as  director  of  Bureau  of  Sup- 
plies and  Transportation,  I, 
215 

Floods,  relief  for  sufferers  from, 
II,  68 

Flowers,  distribution  of,  to  sol- 
diers,  II,   145 

Fly  swatters,  distribution  of,  II, 
132 

Fogg,  George  C,  presence  of,  at 
Geneva  conference,  I,  12 

Fontanelle,   Red  Cross   auction   at, 

I,  188 

Food,  fines  for  violation  of  laws 
concerning,  I,  196,  197;  serv- 
ing of,  to  troops,  II,  40,  41,  43, 
45-47 

Food  Administration,  United 
States,  fines  levied  by,  I,  196, 
197 

Food  conservation,  work  of  Red 
Cross  chapters  for,  I,  81,  II,  35 

Foods,  courses  in,  II,    170,   171 

Foreigners,  solicitation  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,   105 

Fort  Atkinson,  Red  Cross  pigs 
loaded  at,   I,   192 

Fort    Des    Moines,    quilts    sent    to, 

II,  31;  Red  Cross  camp  service 
at,  II,  133,  140-149;  Red  Cross 
buildings  at,  II,  140,  141;  Red 
Cross  staff  at,  II,  142;  home 
service  work  at,  II,  142-144; 
physical  recreation  at,  II,  146 ; 
entertainments  at,  II,  146-148; 
Christmas  celebration  at,  II, 
147,  148;  Fourth  of  July  cele- 
bration at,  II,  148,  149 ;  pa- 
rade  at,    II,    149 

Fort  Dodge,  Red  Cross  member- 
ship campaign  at,  I,  113,  133, 
136;  Red  Cross  meeting  at,  I, 
145 ;  Red  Cross  workrooms  in, 
II,  13 ;  home  service  course  at, 
II,  103 ;  Red  Cross  canteen  at, 
II,   218 

Fort  Madison,  second  Christmas 
roll  call  at,  I,  131 

Fort  Worth  (Texas),  liberty  loan 
advertisements    in,    I,    154 

Four  Minute  Men,  Red  Cross  cam- 
paign   aided  by,    I,    106 

Fourteenth  Division,  Red  Cross, 
jurisdiction  of,   I,   215 


Fourth  of  July,  celebration  of,  at 
Fort  Des  Moines,  II,  148,   149 

Fowler,  George  S.,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  commit- 
tee,  I,   100 

France,  war  with,  I,  18,  20,  21; 
Red  Cross  commission  to,  I,  44; 
knitted  articles  sent  to,  II,  18; 
collection  of  clothing  for  refu- 
gees of,  II,  31-33,  193;  tuber- 
culosis work  in,  II,  204;  mem- 
bership of,  in  League  of  Red 
Cross   Societies,   II,    206,   207 

Franco-Prussian  War,  care  of 
wounded  in,  I,  18,  19,  20,  21, 
210,   211 

Fremont  County,  contribution 
from,  to  Belgian  relief,   II,   33 

French,  care  of  wounded  of,  I, 
7-10 

French  soldier,  contribution  to, 
II,    2 

Frost,  W.  A.,  service  of,  in  Des 
Moines  Red  Cross  membership 
campaign,   I,    94 

Fruit,  collection  of  seeds  of,  II, 
34,  35 ;  serving  of,  to  troops, 
II,    47,    54,     148 

Fullerton,  Robert,   bids  by,   I,   150 

Funds,  Red  Cross,  kinds  of,  I, 
137,    138,    139 

Furloughs,  investigations  relative 
to,    II,    132,    136 

Furniture,  sale  of,   for  Red  Cross, 

I,  200;    making   of,    by    Junior 
Red  Cross,   II,   196,   197 

Galva,  work  of  home  service  sec- 
tion  in,    II,   92 

Gambling,  objections  of  Red  Cross 
to,  I,  184 

Gambrill,  John  M.,  comment  by, 
on   effect  of  Junior   Red   Cross, 

II,  200 

Games,    furnishing    of,    to    troops, 

II,    127;   provision   for,    at  Fort 

Des   Moines,    II,    146 
Garages,   number   of,   II,    132 
Gardens,    care   of,    bv   Junior   Red 

Cross,   II,    194,    195 
Garfield,    James     A.,    promise    of, 

concerning    Red    Cross    Treaty, 

I,  22,    23 ;    assassination   of,    I, 
23 

Gas    Mask    Day,    proclamation    of, 

II,  34 

Gas  masks,  collection  of  materials 
for,   II,   34,   35 


248 


INDEX 


Gauze,  shortage  of,  II,  7;  use  of, 
II,   28 

Geese,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
188,    189 

General  Fund,  Red  Cross,  I,  138, 
139 

General  manager  of  American  Red 
Cross,   appointment  of,  I,  40 

Geneva  (Switzerland),  confer- 
ences at,  I,  10,  11,  12,  14,  15, 
17;  Congress  of,  I,  209;  head- 
quarters of  The  League  of  Red 
Cross   Societies  at,    II,   206 

Geneva  Society  of  Public  Utility, 
conference   called  by,   I,    10 

Geneva  Treaty,  adoption  of,  I,  11; 
provisions  of,  I,  12,  14,  15,38; 
ratification  of,  by  United  States, 

I,  19-24;    amendment   to,    I,    25 
German   prisoner,    contribution   to, 

II,  2 

Germans,  donation  by,  to  Red 
Cross,  I,  155,  156;  enrollment 
of,    in  Red  Cross,   I,   223 

Gibbons,  James,  service  of,  on  Red 
Cross  membership  committee,  I, 
100 

Gibson,  Harvey  D.,  service  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,  40;  Red  Cross 
organization  described  by,  I, 
214,  215;  message  of,  concern- 
ing home  service,   II,   77,   78 

Gifford,  Frank  B.,  service  of,  as 
director  of  Bureau  of  Supplies 
and   Transnortation,   I,   215 

Gillin.  John  L..  service  of.  as  di- 
rector of  Bureau  of  Civilian 
Relief,  I,  51,  II,  69,  70;  pres- 
ence of,  at  home  service  con- 
ference, II.  106,  107:  report 
of,  concerning  demand  for  home 
service,    II,    118 

Girls,  training  of,  for  service,  II, 
200.    201 

Goat,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
187 

Gorgas.  William  C.  reniiest  of, 
for  nurses,  II,  161.  166  (see 
also  Surgeon  General  of  the 
Army) 

Governor  of  Iowa,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  State  Board.  I,  60; 
proclamation  by.  for  Red  Cross 
membership  campaign.  I.  107 
(see   also   Harding,   William   L.) 

Graham.  C.  W..  work  of.  in  first 
war  fund  drive.  T.   146 

Grand  Rapids  (Michigan),  pro- 
duction    of     surgical     dressings 


at,  II,  20;  home  service  insti- 
tute  at,   II,    101 

Grandchildren,  allowances  for,  II, 
219 

Grant,  U.  S.,  letter  from,   I,    150 

Gratz,  Benjamin,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  commit- 
tee,   I,    100 

Great  Britain,  membership  of,  in 
League  of  Red  Cross  Societies, 
II,   206,   207 

Greater  Clarinda  Club,  work  of, 
for  Red  Cross,  I,  166 

Greek  cross,   use  of,   by  hospitals, 

I,  15 

Greene  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in.  I,  135 ;  visiting 
nurse  in,  II,  179;  supplies  pro- 
duced by  Junior  Red  Cross  in, 

II,  198 

Greer,  Samuel,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  Bureau  of  Develop- 
ment, I.   215 

Griffith.  Mrs.  B.  B.,  flag  accepted 
bv,   I,    120 

Griffith,  John  L.,  service  of,  as 
athletic  director  of  Red  Cross 
camp   service.    II,    133 

Grinnell,  Red  Cross  auction  at.  I, 
188;  donation  of  hogs  to  Red 
Cross    by,    I,    190 

Grundy  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in,  I,  135;  contribu- 
tions from,  to  Belgian  relief, 
II,    33 

Guatemala,  Red  Cross  chapters 
in,    I.    215 

Gum,  giving  of,  to  troops,  II,  47, 
145 

Gun  wipes,  making  of,  bv  Junior 
Red   Cross,    II,    193,    198 

Guthrie  County,  subscription  of, 
to   second  war  fund,    I,    173 

Hamilton,  J.  H.,  presence  of,  at 
home  service  conference,  II, 
106 

Hancock  Countv,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership   in,    I,    135 

Handkerchiefs,  distribution  of,  to 
soldiers.    II,    145 

Hanna,  James  R.,  work  of,  in 
first  war  fund   drive,   I,    146 

Hardin.  Martin  D.,  speeches  by, 
for   Red   Cross,    I.    164 

Hardin  Countv,  visiting  nurses  in, 
TI.    179,    180 

Harding.  Barbara,  mention  of,  I, 
59,    119,    120 


INDEX 


249 


Harding,  "William  L.,  address  by, 
at  Red  Cross  meeting,  I,  59; 
proclamations  by,  concerning 
Red  Cross,  I,  111,  112,  163,  II, 
34;  speech  by,  I,  120;  first  war 
fund  drive  in  charge  of,  I,  144, 
145,  158;  goose  presented  to, 
I,  188  (see  also  Governor  of 
Iowa) 
Harding,    Mrs.    William    L.,    flag 

made  by,   I,   59,  99,   119,    120 
Hardy,    E.    K.,    service    of,    as    di- 
rector   of    Bureau    of    Supplies, 
I,   52 
Harlan,     Edgar     R.,     picture     do- 
nated to,  I,   150 
Harrison  County,  Red  Cross  chap- 
ter of,  I,  76-78 
Hats,    sale   of,    for   Red   Cross,    I, 
200  ^ 

Hawaii,  Red  Cross  chapters  m,  I, 

215 
Hawarden,   work  of  home   service 

section  at,   II,  92 
Hawkins,  Owen,   tour  of,  for  Red 

Cross,    I,    164 
Hayes,     Rutherford     B.,     indiffer- 
ence   of,    to    Red   Cross    Treaty, 
I.  21  ^  ^ 

Haynes,    Fred   E.,   lectures   by,    at 

home  service   course,    II,    105 
Headquarters,  Red  Cross,   number 

of,  II,   131 
Headquarters       building       (Camp 
Dodge),     construction     of,     II, 
138,     139;     equipment    of,     II, 
139  ^    , 

Healev,  Robert,  service  of,  on  Red 

Cross   State  Board,   I,    60 
Health  campaign,   share  of  Junior 

Red  Cross  in,    II,    195 
Helmets,   number   of,    II,    21;    dis- 
tribution    of,     to     soldiers,     II, 
133;    value   of,    II,    133 
Henrv,   Rex  J.,    service  of,   as   di- 
rector,  II,   227 
Henry  County,  organization  of  Red 
Cross    chapter    in,    I,    63 ;    Red 
Cross    membership    in,    I,     135; 
second    war    fund    drive    in,    I, 
165;    production    of    Red    Cross 
supplies  in,  II,  27 
Herbert,    Sidney,    Florence    Night- 
ingale sent  to  Crimea  by,  I,  4 
Herbert,  Mrs.  Sidney,  letter  to,   I, 

4 
Herring,  Clyde  L.,  work  of,  in  first 

war  fund  drive,  I,   146 
Herring      Motor      Company,      Red 


Cross    quarters    donated    by,    I, 
58 
Hezzlewood,  Oliver,  donation  of,  to 

Red  Cross,  I,  150,   151 
Hibbard,  Frank,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  Bureau  of  Supplies,  I, 
52 
High    school    students.    Red    Cross 
membership  drive  conducted  by, 
I,  114,  115 
Highland    Park    College    Woman's 
Association,    eatless   banquet   of, 
I,   195,   196 
Hill,  L.  S.,  service  flag  idea  devel- 
oped by,  I,  222 
Hinton,   Red   Cross   auction   at,    I, 

186 
Hirsch,    Mr.,    Red    Cross    member- 
ship drive  in  charge  of,  I,   118 
Hitch,  Ruth,  talks  by,  at  home  ser- 
vice course,    II,    104 
Hitchcock,  Fremont  B.,  service  of, 
as    director   of   Bureau   of   Mili- 
tary Relief,  I,   51 
Holdoegel,    P.    C,    service    of,    on 
State    Executive    Committee,    I, 
128 
Hollingsworth,  H.   S.,  work  of,  in 
home      service      department      at 
Camp  Dodge,  II,  134,  137 
Home  defense,  nurses  for,  II,  155, 

169 
Home  nursing,  courses  in,  II,  169, 

170,  172 
Home  service,  meaning  of,  I,  51; 
local  committee  on,  at  Iowa 
City,  I,  82 ;  funds  for,  I,  203 ; 
need  for,  II,  59-63  ;  account  of, 
II,  59-123;  field  of,  II,  63-65; 
methods  of,  II,  65-67;  plan  of 
organization  of,  II,  67-74,  84- 
88;  consultation  committee  for, 
II,  72;  finances  of,  II,  73-78, 
89-92,  115,  116;  development 
of,  II,  74-78;  problems  of,  II, 
75-78;  hindrances  to,  II,  75-83; 
preventive  character  of,  II,  76; 
need  of  trained  woi'kers  for,  II, 
76,  77,  82,  83,  86-88,  96,  97, 
99;  account  of,  in  Iowa,  II,  78- 
84;  inspection  of,  II,  85-87; 
pay  of  secretaries  for,  II,  87, 
88;  accomplishments  of,  II,  88- 
95,  108,  109,  132;  number  of 
families  aided  by.  II,  89-93  ;  lit- 
erature concerning,  II,  100, 
101;  chapter  courses  for,  II, 
100,  103,  104,  105,  107;  lec- 
tures on,   II,    104,   105;    confer- 


250 


INDEX 


ences  on,  II,  105-107;  future 
of,  II,  107-116,  205,  206,  223; 
opposition  to  peace  time  work 
of,  II,  111;  influence  of,  on  or- 
ganized social  work,  II,  116- 
121;  name  of,  II,  120;  cooper- 
ation of  camp  service  with,  II, 
125,  128;  information  concern- 
ing, II,  131,  145;  activities  of, 
at  Camp  Dodge,  II,  134-138; 
assistant  directors  of,  II,  137; 
work  of,  at  Fort  Des  Moines, 
II,  142-144;  work  of,  in  the 
various  camp  communities,  II, 
149-151 

Home  Service,  Bureau  of,  repre- 
sentatives of,  stationed  in 
camps,  II,  125 

Home  service  institutes,  attendance 
at,  II,  86,  87,  98,  99,  101,  102, 
118,  120;  provision  for,  11,97; 
courses  of,  II,  97-99,  102,223; 
number  of,  II,  98,  101,  102; 
location  of,  II,  101,  102,  103. 
224 

Home  service  sections,  establish- 
ment of,  II,  70,  71,  73;  ofBcers 
of,  II,  70-72 ;  number  of,  II, 
74,   90,   99,   100 

Home  Service  Sections,  HandhooJc 
of  Information  for,  compilation 
of,  II,   64 

Home  service  workers,  informa- 
tion furnished  by,  II,  64;  pay 
of,  II,  71 ;  volunteers  for,  II. 
71,  72;  number  of,  II,  74,  84- 
86;  training  for,  II,  77,  82, 
83,  96-107,  223;  qualifications 
of,  II,  84-88;  sources  of,  II, 
99,  100;  chapter  courses  for, 
II,  100;  experiences  of,  in 
camps,   II,   128-130 

Honor  Day,  enrollment  of  Red 
Cross  members  on,  I,  117 

Honorary   membership,   election  to, 

I,  91 

Hood,  Jack,  bid  of,  at  Red  Cross 
auction,    I,    151 

Hoover,  Herbert  C,  Red  Cross 
speech  bv,  I,  142;  clothing  re- 
quested by,   II,   32 

Hosken,  "W.  P.,  service  of,  as  field 
director  of  Red  Cross,   II,   139 

Hospital  bags,  making  of,  by  Ju- 
nior Red  Cross,  II,   198 

Hospital    garments,   production   of, 

II,  1,  3,  8,  18,  19,  23,  24,  27, 
28,  29,  196,  197,  198;  stand- 
ardization of,  II,  5 ;  director  in 


charge  of,  II,  11;   value  of,  II, 

18,  24,   196 
Hospital    of     St.    John,     establish- 
ment of,  I,   1 
Hospital    shawls,    number    of,    II, 

31 
Hospital    supplies,    production    of, 

II,   17-19,  23,  24,  28,  196,   197; 

value  of,  II,    18,   24,   196 
Hospital    supplies    and    garments, 

committee  on,  I,  80,  81,  II,  4 
Hospital     units,     organization     of, 

II,    158,    159 
Hospitals,   chapters  not  to  finance, 

I,  185 ;  establishment  of,  by  lo- 
cal chapters,  I,  203 ;  care  of 
soldiers  in,  II,  44,  48;  opening 
of,  for  influenza  cases,  II,  94; 
opening  of,  for  soldiers'  fami- 
lies, II,  94,  95;  work  of  Red 
Cross  in,  II,  126,  127,  132, 
140-149;    news    of    soldiers    in, 

II,  135;  Christmas  celebration 
in,  II,  139;  overseas  men  at, 
II,  143 ;  entertainments  in,  II, 
148,  149;  organization  of,  II, 
158,   159 

Hot    water    bags,    distribution    of, 

II,   132 
Hough,  Clarence  A.,  service  of,  as 

director  of  Publicity  Bureau,  I, 

53 
Howard  County,   Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in,  I,   135 
Howell,    Captain,    purchase  by,    at 

Red  Cross  auction,   I,    150,   151 
Hugus,    Miss,    work    of,    in    home 

service.   II,    87,    88 
Humboldt      County,      Red      Cross 

membership   in,   I,   135 
Hurin,  Mrs.  G.  M.,  service  of,  on 

roll  call  committee,   I,   128 
Hurley,     Edward    N.,    service    of, 

for  "Red   Cross,   I,    39;    transfer 

of.   to  Shipping  Board,  I,   39 
Hygiene,  courses  in,  II,  169,  170, 

"172 

Ice  crenm.  serving  of,  to  troops, 
II,    47,   49,   53.   55,   148 

Ida  County,  Red  Cross  member- 
ship in,  I,  135;  subscription  of, 
to  second  war  fund,  I,   173 

Ida  Grove,  Red  Cross  auction  at, 
I,  186;  donations  to  Red  Cross 
in,  II,   31 

Illinois,  number  of  Red  Cross 
chapters  in,  I,  64;  number  of 
Red  Cross  members  in,  I,  121; 


INDEX 


251 


second  war  fund  drive  in,  I, 
178,  179;  placing  of,  in  Cen- 
tral Division,  I,  215;  students 
from,  in  home  service  institute, 
II,  101,  102,  106;  demand  in, 
for  trained  home  service  work- 
ers, II,  118;  nurses  enrolled 
from,  II,  160,  166,  167;  share 
of,  in  nurses'  parade,  II,  164; 
reports  from,  on  results  of 
nursing  survey,  II,  175 ;  Ju- 
nior Red  Cross  members  in,  II, 
189-191;  number  of  junior  aux- 
iliaries in,  II,  190;  financial 
statistics  of  Junior  Red  Cross 
in,  II,   191 

Indiana,  storm  in,  I,  94;  placing 
of,  in  Central  Division,  I,  215; 
students  from,  in  home  service 
institute,   II,    101,    102 

Infant  mortality,  reduction  of,  11, 
176 

Influenza,  work  of  Red  Cross  dur 
ing  epidemic  of,  I,  80,  81,  II 
93,  94,  141;  effect  of,  on  sec 
ond  Red  Cross  roll  call,   I,   127 

129,  134:  need  of  nurses  dur 
ing,  11,   167,   168,   173 

Information,  giving  of,  to  soldiers 
families,  II,  64,  65,  88-91,  126^ 
127;    giving  of,   to   soldiers,   II 

130,  137,    144,   145 
Institutional   membership,   require- 
ments for,  I,  91 

Insurance,  information  concern- 
ing, II,   64,    145 

International  Committee  for  the 
Relief  of  the  Wounded  in  War, 
purpose  of,  I,   20 

International  friendship,  campaign 
for,  II,   195 

International  Red  Cross  Society 
(see  Red  Cross  Society,  Inter- 
national) 

Iowa,  inclusion  of,  in  Central  Di- 
vision, I,  49,  215;  organization 
of  Red  Cross  in,  I,  54-89 ;  num- 
ber of  Red  Cross  chapters  in, 
I,  64,  65,  66;  organization  of 
Red  Cross  chapters  in,  I,  67- 
82 ;  organization  of  Red  Cross 
branches  and  auxiliaries  in,  I, 
82-89;  Red  Cross  membership 
in,  I,  93-100,  109-122,  127- 
136:  Red  Cross  membership 
quota  for,  I,  110,  111:  1918 
Red  Cross  roll  call  in,  I,  127- 
136;    first  Red  Cross   war  fund 


drive  in,  I,  144-158;  second 
war  fund  drive  in,  I,  162-182; 
financing  local  Red  Cross  or- 
ganizations in,  I,  185-203;  fines 
in,  given  to  Red  Cross,  I,  196, 
197;  contribution  from,  to  Red 
Cross,  I,  202,  II,  32,  33;  or- 
ganization of  women  in,  for 
Red  Cross  work,  II,  11,  12; 
workrooms  in,  II,  12,  13 ;  pro- 
duction of  Red  Cross  supplies 
in,  II,  22-31;  value  of  supplies 
produced  by,  II,  24,  25 ;  motor 
corps  work"  in,  II,  37,  38;  can- 
teen service  in,  II,  50-58,  218; 
home  service  work  in,  II,  75, 
78-84,  86-88;  students  from,  in 
home  service  institutes,  II,  101, 
102,  106;  home  service  confer- 
ences in,  II,  106,  107;  need  of 
home  service  in,  II,  113,  114; 
demand  in,  for  trained  home 
service  workers,  II,  118;  storms 
in,  II,  121,  122;  disaster  relief 
in,  II,  121-123;  Red  Cross 
camp  service  in,  II,  133-151 
committees  in,  on  nursing  ser 
vice,  II,  155 ;  enrollment  o 
nurses  from,  II,  161,  165-167 
share  of,  in  nurses'  parade,  II 
164 :  campaign  in,  for  nurses 
II,  164-166;  quota  of.  in  nurs 
ing  campaign,  II,  167;  regis 
tration  of  nurses  in,  II,  174 
statistics  concerning  work  of 
Red  Cross  chapters  in,  during 
nursing  survey,  II,  175;  visit- 
ing nurses  in,  II,  179,  180; 
organization  of  Junior  Red 
Cross  in,  II,  185,  187,  188, 
189;  Junior  Red  Cross  mem- 
bers in,  II,  188-191;  number 
of  junior  auxiliaries  in,  II, 
190;  financial  statistics  of  Ju- 
nior Red  Cross  in,  II,  191; 
supplies  made  by  Junior  Red 
Cross  in,  II,  196-199;  work  of, 
for  American  Red  Cross,  II, 
208,    209 

Iowa  Citv,  organization  of  Red 
Cross  chapter  at,  I,  81,  82;  Red 
Cross  subscription  pledges  at,  I, 
202 :  home  service  institutes  at, 
II,  101-103:  home  service  con- 
ference at,   II,    105,    106 

Iowa  Falls,  home  service  course 
at,  II,   103 

Iowa    State    Savings    Bank    (Bur- 


252 


INDEX 


lington),    rooms   for   Red    Cross 

furnished  by,   II,   13 
Iowa    State   Teachers'   Association, 

secretary  of,  II,   189 
Iron,    sale    of,    for    Red    Cross,    I, 

199 
Italian     soldier,     contribution     to, 

II,  2 
Italians,  care  of  wounded  of,  after 

battle  of   Solferino,    I,   7-10 
Italy,  Red  Cross  commission  to,  I, 

44 ;    garments    for    refugees    of, 

II,      193 ;     membership     of,      in 

League  of   Red   Cross    Societies, 

II,    206,   207 

"Jack  Pershing"  (rooster),  sale 
of,   for  Red  Cross,   I,   188 

Jackson  Junction,  Red  Cross  pigs 
loaded  at,   I,   192 

Japan,  Red  Cross  chapters  in,  I, 
215;  membership  of,  in  League 
of  Red  Cross  Societies,  II,  206, 
207 

Jasper  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in,  I,    135 

"Jazz  Parade",  description  of,  at 
Fort  Des  Moines,    II,    149 

"Jazz  Riot",  description  of,  at 
Sioux   City,    I,    170-172 

Jellv,  distribution  of,  to  soldiers, 
li,    145 

Jensen,  Mrs.  C.  A.  L.,  record  of, 
in  Red  Cross  work,   II,  30,  31 

Jerusalem  (Palestine),  care  for 
sick  at,   I,    1,   2 

Johnson.  B.  Ban,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  commit- 
tee,  I,    100 

Johnson,  Sue,  pennies  for  Red 
Cross  collected  by,   I,   195 

Johnson  County,  organization  of 
Red  Cross  chapter  in,   I,   81 

Jones,  Jesse  H.,  service  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,  40 

Jones  County,  plan  of  Red  Cross 
chapter  in,  I,  89 ;  Red  Cross 
membership  campaign  in.  I, 
96-98 :  use  of  war  chest  in,  I, 
179;  work  of  home  service  sec- 
tion  in,    II,    92 

Joplin  (Missouri),  work  of  home 
service  section  at,  II,  136 

Judson,  Frank  W.,  service  of,  on 
roll  call  committee,  I,   127 

Julien  Hotel  (Dubuque),  Red 
Cross  workroom  in.   II.    12,   13 

Junior  auxiliaries.  Red  Cross,  or- 
ganization   of,    I,    48,    II,    185 ; 


number  of,  II,  188,  190;  activ- 
ities of,  II,  192 

Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce 
(Des  Moines),  Red  Cross  mem- 
bers secured  by,   I,  95 

Junior  Four  Minute  Men,  contests 
among,   II,    195 

Junior  Membership,  Bureau  of, 
Junior  Red  Cross  under,  II, 
184;  creation  of,  II,  187;  pro- 
gram of,   II,    194,    195 

Junior  Red  Cross,  local  commit- 
tee on,  at  Iowa  City,  I,  82; 
membership  in,  I,  91,  92,  121, 
122,  II,  188,  189,  190;  plan* 
for,  II,  181;  storv  of,  II,  181- 
202;  aims  of,  II,  181,  182, 
183;  proclamation  concerning, 
II,  183,  184;  national  organi- 
zation of,  II,  184;  directors  of, 
II,  184,  185,  189;  Iowa  organ- 
ization of,  II,  185,  187,  188, 
190;  local  organization  of,  II, 
185-187;  aid  of  schools  to,  II, 
185,  186;  finances  of,  II,  186, 
187,  191;  development  of,  II, 
187-191;  program  of,  II,  191- 
195;  activities  of,  II,  191-202; 
community  service  of,  II,  192 ; 
production  of  supplies  by,  11, 
192-199;  bazaar  held  by,  II, 
194;  letters  to  soldiers  written 
by,  II,  194,  195;  value  of  sup- 
plies made  by,  II,  196;  com- 
ments on,  II,  199-201;  peace 
time  program  of,   II.   202 

Junk,  sale  of,  in  Sioux  City,  I, 
197-201;  collection  of,  by  Ju- 
nior Red  Cross,  II,   193,   194 

Kangaroo  court,  money  for  Red 
Cross  raised  by,   I,    169 

Kauffman,  Mrs.  B.  F.,  hospital 
garment  work  in  charge  of,  II, 
11 

Kentucky,  placing  of,  in  Central 
Division,    I,    215 

Keokuk,  home  service  conference 
at,   II,    106 

Kepford,  A.  E.,  service  of,  as 
State  director  of  Red  Cross,  I, 
55-59,  65-67,  85;  statement  by, 
concerning  Red  Cross  branches 
and  chapters,  I,  88,  89;  work 
of,  in  Red  Cross  membership 
drive,  I,  99;  speech  by,  I,  120, 
196;  work  of,  in  first  war  fund 
drive,  I,  144.  145,  158;  con- 
gratulations sent  to,  I,   156;  ob- 


INDEX 


253 


jection  of,  to  paid  speakers,  I, 
164,  165 ;  estimate  of,  on  Red 
Cross  local  finances,  I,  202; 
appointments  made  by,  II,  11; 
telegrams  of,  concerning  can- 
teens, II,  50;  letters  to,  11,51, 
208,  209;  disaster  relief  direct- 
ed by,   II,    122 

Kepford,  Lucile,  flag  held  by,  I, 
120 

Kidder,  W.  H.,  service  of,  on  roll 
call  committee,   I,   128 

King,  Alexander,  election  of,  as 
counsellor  of  the  American  Red 
Cross,   II,   204 

Kingsley,  contribution  of,  to  sec- 
ond war  fund  drive,  I,  16G; 
Red  Cross  auction  at,  I,  186, 
187;  collection  of  nut  products 
at,   II,  35 

Klingaman,  O.  E.,  service  of,  as 
Red  Cross  instructor,  I,  59,  II, 
104;  work  of,  in  first  war  fund 
drive, -I,  144,  145,  158;  service 
of,  as  director  of  home  service 
institute,   II,    102,    103 

Knights  Hospitallers,  work  of,  I, 
1,  2 

Knights  of  Columbus,  dances  at 
building  of,  II,  147,  149;  re- 
freshments served  by,  II,    148 

Knitted  articles,   production   of,  II, 

I,  3,  8,  9,  197,  199;  commit- 
tee in  charge  of,  II,  4 ;  value 
of,  II,  133;  distribution  of,  to 
soldiers,   II,    133,   134 

Knitted    garments,    production    of, 

II,  18-21,  23,  25,  27,  28,  30, 
31;  number  of,  distributed,  II, 
18,    26;    value  of,    II,    25 

Kossuth  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership record  of,  I,  120,  135; 
contribution  of,  to  Sanitary 
Commission,  I,  156;  contribu- 
tions from,  to  second  war  fund, 
I,   173 

Ku  Klux  Klan,  work  of,  for  Red 
Cross,  I,   170 

Kurtz,  Carl,  bids  of,  at  Red  Cross 
auction,    I,    151 

Labor,  solicitation  of,  for  Red 
Cross,  I,   105,   108 

Laborers,  number  of,  served  by 
canteen,    II,   53 

Ladies  Soldiers'  Aid  Society,  work 
of,   I,   14 

Lake  Division,  Red  Cross,  num- 
ber of  members  in,  I,  93 


Lamps,  making  of,  by  Junior  Red 

Cross,   II,   197 
Laurie,    husking    of    corn    at,    by 

women,   for  Red  Cross,   I,    195 
Lawrence,   William,    service   of,    on 
Red   Cross   membership    commit- 
tee,  I,   100 
Le  Cron,  J.  D.,  letter  to,  I,    154 
Le  Mars,  Red  Cross  auction  at,  I, 
186,    189;    Red    Cross    canteen 
at,  II,  218 
League    of    Nations,     mention    of, 
II,    108;    League   of   Red   Cross 
Societies  sponsored  by,   II,   206, 
234 
League    of    Red    Cross     Societies, 
The,    organization    of,    II,    206; 
headquarters    of,    II,    206;    con- 
nection of,   with  League   of  Na- 
tions,  II,  206,   234;   government 
of,    II,    206,    207;    purposes    of, 
II,    206,    207 
Lee,    Porter    R.,    outline    compiled 

by,  II,  97 

Lee  County,  number  of  Red  Cross 

members     in,     I,     99 ;     donation 

from,    to   first  war  fund,    I,    157 

Lemonade,   serving  of,  to  soldiers, 

II,   148 
Letters,    sending    of,    for    soldiers, 

IL   143,    145 
Liberty    bond,     sale    of,     for    Red 

Cross,    I,    187 
Liberty    loans,    campaign    for,     in 
Des    Moines,    I.    146;    advertise- 
ments  of,    I,    154 ;    subscriptions 
to,  in  Iowa,  I,   158 ;  methods  of 
raising,   I,    159;   work  of  Junior 
Red  Cross  for,   II,   194 
Lies,  Eugene  T.,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  family  relief  work,  II, 
68 
Life      membership,       requirements 

for,  I,  90,   221 
Lincoln      (Nebraska),     production 
of   surgical   dressings  by,   II,  20 
Lincoln      School      Building      (Des 
Moines),    Red    Cross    headquar- 
ters at,   I,   58 
Lindley,     Hervey,     service    of,     on 
Red   Cross   membership    commit- 
tee,   I,    100 
Linn   County,    Red   Cross  member- 
ship   in,    i,    135,    136;    donation 
from,  to  first  war  fund,   I,  157 ; 
Red    Cross    auction    in,    I,    189, 
190 
Loans,   making  of,  to  soldiers,   II, 
132,   133,   143 


254 


INDEX 


Local  organizations  of  the  Red 
Cross,    finances    of,    I,    183-203 

London  (England),  Red  Cross 
chapters   in,   I,   215 

London  Times,  news  from  Crimea 
printed  in,   I,   2,   3,   5 

Longfellow,  Henry  Wadsworth, 
poem   by,   I,    7 

Lotteries,  objections  of  Red  Cross 
to,   I,    184 

Louisa  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership drive  in,  I,  119;  use  of 
war  chest  in,   I,    179 

Lucas  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in,  I,  135 ;  success  of 
first  war  fund  drive  in,  I,  156, 
157 

Lunches,  troops  furnished  with, 
II,   47,    53,    58 

Luthe,  F.  H.,  purchase  by,  at 
Red   Cross   auction,    I,    151,  152 

Lyons,  Red  Cross  membership 
campaign   in,    I,    116 

Mabel,    Red   Cross  pigs  loaded   at, 

1,    192 
McAdoo,     William     G.,     advertise- 
ments sent  to,   I,    154 

McAdoo,  Mrs.  William  G.,  service 
of,  on  Red  Cross  membership 
committee,    I,    100 

McCarthy,  Leo,  service  of,  as  Red 
Cross   director,   II,   227 

McClenahan,  Bessie  A.,  home  ser- 
vice supervised  by,  II,  86; 
talks  by,  II,   104,   105 

McCormick,  Joe,  service  of,  on 
roll   call   committee,    I,    128 

MacCracken,  H.  N.,  service  of, 
on  Red  Cross  membership  com- 
mittee, I,  100;  service  of,  as 
director  of  Junior  Red  Cross, 
II,    184 

MacLean,  George  E.,  service  of, 
on  Red  Cross  State  Board,  I, 
60 

McMullen,  B.  S.,  speeches  by,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,  164 

McMullen,  M.  S.,  service  of,  on 
roll    call   committee,   I,    128 

McNamara,  R.  C,  service  of,  as 
director  of  Bureau  of  Develop- 
ment,  I,   50 

McNeal,  E.  G.,  Belgian  relief 
work  in  charge  of,   II,   32,   33 

McNider,  C.  H.,  service  of,  on 
State  Executive  Committee,  I, 
128 

Madison  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 


bership   in,    I,    135 ;    Red   Cross 
contest  in,   I,    188,    189 
Magazine      membership,      require- 
ments  for,    I,    90,    221 
Magazines,     space    given    to    Red 
Cross  bv,    I,    106 ;   giving  of,   to 
troops,    II,    47,    49,    53,    127 
Maguire,     D.    E.,     service    of,    on 
State    Executive    Committee,    I, 
128 
Mahaska       County,       Red       Cross 
branches    and    auxiliaries    in,  I, 
86;   Junior   Red  Cross  member- 
ship in,   IL   190 
Mail,    sending    of,    II,    49 ;    infor- 
mation concerning,   II,   64,    88 
"Mail   order"    campaign,    I,    132 
Malta,   Knights  Hospitallers   at,   I, 

2 
Maltese    cross,    use    of,    by    hospi- 
tals,  I,   15 
Marble    Rock,    Red    Cross    auction 

at,    187 
Marines,     provision    for    care    of, 
II,   39,   131;   number  of,   served 
by   canteens,   II,   49,    50,   53 
Marion    County,    Red   Cross    mem- 

pership   in,   I,    135 
Marshall,    Florence,    service   of,    as 
director    of    the    Woman's    Bu- 
reau,  I,   215 
Marshall       County,       Red       Cross 
branches     in,      I,      86 ;      second 
Christmas    roll   call    in,    I,    131, 
132  ;    Red   Cross  membership  in, 
I,     135,     136;    Red    Cross    em- 
blem  in    corn    in,    I,    173,    174; 
cost   of   work   for   influenza   pa- 
tients  in,    II,    94 
Marshalltown,      second     Christmas 
roll   call   at,    I,    131;   Red   Cross 
membership     in,     I,     136;     Red 
Cross  meeting  at,  I,  145 ;   emer- 
gency hospital  in,  II,  94;  home 
service  course  at,  II,   103;   Red 
Cross    canteen    at,    II,    218 
Maskell,   Private,  tour  of,  for  Red 

Cross,    I,    163,    164 
Masks,    furnishing    of,    during    in- 
fluenza   epidemic,    II,    93 
Mason    Citv.    Red    Cross    meeting 
at,   I,    145;   Red  Cross  work  of 
woman    from,    II,    29,    30;    reg- 
istration  of  nurses  at,   II,    174; 
Red  Cross  canteen  at,  II,   218 
Matches,    giving   of,   to   troops,    II, 

47,    53  . 

Matrons,     provision      for,      during 
influenza    epidemic,    II,    94 


INDEX 


255 


Mattresses,  furnishing  of,  during 
influenza    epidemic,    II,    93,    94 

Mayors,  proclamations  by,  for  Red 
Cross,    I,    107,    117 

Meals,   serving  of,  for  Red   Cross, 

I,  195 ;    troops    furnished    with, 

II,  47-49,  53,  58;  furnishing 
of,  during  influenza  epidemic, 
II,    93,    94 

Medical  aid,  provision  for,  II,  48, 
49,    64 

Medical  Corps,  hospitals  for,  II, 
158,    159 

Medical  service,  emblems  for,  I, 
15,    16 

Membership,  Red  Cross,  local 
committee  on,  I,  80,  81;  kinds 
of,  I,  90-92;  growth  of,  I,  92- 
136:    Christmas    campaign    for, 

I,  100-109,  122-136;  campaign 
for,  in  Iowa,  I,  109-122;  rules 
of,    I,    221 

Memphis  (Tennessee),  Red  Cross 
organization    at,    I,    24 

Meredith,  E.  T.,  work  of,  in  first 
war  fund  drive,  I,  146;  Red 
Cross  speech  by,  I,  147;  as- 
sistance of,  in  Red  Cross  auc- 
tion,  I,    149,    151,    152 

Methodist  Hospital  (Des  Moines), 
Red  Cross  nurses  from,   II,  165 

Mexican  Border,  donations  to  sol- 
diers on,  II,  13 ;  nurses  sent 
to,  II,   158 

Michigan,  forest  fire  in,  I,  24 ; 
inclusion  of,  in  Central  Divi- 
sion, I,  49,  215;  Red  Cross  ad- 
ministration in,  I,  57;  Red 
Cross  chapters  in,  I,  64,  78 ; 
number  of  Red  Cross  members 
in,  I,  121;  result  of  Christmas 
roll  call  in,  I,  135 ;  students 
from,   in  home  service  institute, 

II,  101,  102;  demand  in,  for 
trained  home  service  workers, 
II,  118;  nurses  enrolled  from, 
II,  161,  166,  175;  Junior  Red 
Cross  members  in,  II,  189, 
190,  191;  number  of  Junior 
auxiliaries  in,  II,  190;  finan- 
cial statistics  of  Junior  Red 
Cross   in,    II,    191 

"Military  Council",  iise  of,  in 
Pottawattamie   County,    I,    165 

Militarv  relief.  Red  Cross  work 
in,   i,    43.    51,   II,    141 

Military  Relief,  Bureau  of,  or- 
ganization  of,    I,    42 ;    work    of. 


I,  43,    51;    directors   of,    I,    51, 
214 

Military  Relief,  Department  of, 
purpose  of,  I,  32,  II,  128;  bu- 
reaus  in,    II,    3,    39,    40,    126 

Military  service,  nurses  for,  II, 
152,   153 

Miller,  Homer,  purchase  by,  at 
Red  Cross   auction,   I,    151 

Mills  Countv,  Red  Cross  chapter 
of,    I,    76-78 

Milwaukee  (Wisconsin),  home 
service  institute  at,  II,  101, 
102 

Miners,  donations  of,  to  Red 
Cross,   I,    155 

Minnesota,  placing  of,  in  Central 
Division,    I,    215 

Mississippi  River,  floods  on,  I, 
24,    25,    60,   61 

Missouri,  placing  of,  in  Central 
Division,    I,   215 

Mitchell,  John  P.,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  commit- 
tee,  I,    100 

Mitchell  County,  contributions 
from,  to  Belgian  relief,  II,  33; 
Red  Cross  courses  in,  II,  171, 
172 

Monona,  registration  of  nurses  at, 

II,  174 

Monona  County,  contribution 
from,   to  Belgian  relief,   II,   33 

Monroe  County,  work  of  home 
service    section    in,    II,    92 

Montgomery,  Albert,  tour  of,  for 
Red    Cross,    I,    164 

Montgomery  County,  Red  Cross 
membership  in,  I,  135;  home 
service  work   in,   II,    87,   88 

Morale,  work  of  Red  Cross  for, 
II,    125 

Morris,  Gardner,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  canteen  service,  II, 
49 

Mother,  incident  concerning  re- 
union  of,   with  son,   II,    136 

Motor  Corps,  duties  of,  II,  35, 
36;  organization  of,  II,  35,  36; 
work   of,    II,    37,    38,    93 

Motor  Corps  Service,  Bureau  of, 
creation   of,    II,    35 

Motor  Trades  Bureau,  work  of, 
for   Belgian   relief,    II,    33 

Moulton,  Emma  Case,  service  of, 
to  Junior  Red  Cross,   II,   189 

Moving  pictures,  use  of,  in  Red 
Cross   campaign,   I,    106 ;   provi- 


256 


INDEX 


sion  for,  at  Fort  Des  Moines, 
II,    147 

Mufflers,  number  of,  II,  21;  dis- 
tribution of,  in  camps,  II,  124, 
133;    value  of,   II,    133 

Muir,  Mrs.  Lauretta  K.,  service 
of,  as  instructor  in  home  ser- 
vice, II,  107;  work  of,  at  Ce- 
dar Rapids,   II,    122,   123 

Munroe,  Frederick  C,  selection 
of,  as  general  manager  of  the 
American    Red    Cross,    II,    204 

Murphy,  Bernard,  service  of,  on 
Red   Cross   State   Board,   I,    60 

Murphy,  Grayson  M.  P.,  service 
of,   for  Red  Cross,   I,   39 

Muscatine,  organization  of  Red 
Cross  chapter  in,  I,  62 ;  second 
Christmas  roll  call  in,  I,  132, 
133;  visiting  nurse  employed 
by,  II,  179;  Red  Cross  canteen 
at,   II,    218 

Muscatine  County,  work  of  home 
service  section  in,  II,  92,  93 ; 
supplies  produced  by  Junior 
Red  Cross  in,   II,   198 

Nashua,  storm  at,   II,    121,   122 

National  Army,  canteen  service 
for,    II,    46 

National  Children's  Fund,  contri- 
butions  to,    II,    191 

National  Defense,  Council  of, 
health  campaign  aided  by,  II, 
195 

National  Headquarters  of  Amer- 
ican Red  Cross,  bureaus  of,  I, 
42-44;  objections  of,  to  certain 
methods  of  raising  money,  I, 
184,  185;  certificates  given  by, 
II,  98;  reports  to,  II,  118; 
nurses  enrolled  at,  II,  155 ;  Ju- 
nior Red  Cross  sponsored  by, 
II,    184 

National  Membership  Campaign 
Committee,  Red  Cross,  person- 
nel of,  I,  100 ;  quotas  assigned 
by,   I,   110 

Naval  service,  nurses  for,  II,  152, 
153 

Navy,  need  of  nurses  for,  II,  161; 
nurses  assigned  to,  II,   168 

"Navy  League",  organization  of, 
I,    70 

Navy  Nurse  Corps,  representative 
of,  on  committee,  II,  153;  re- 
serve of,  II,  156;  assignment 
of   nurses  to,   II,    157 

Nebraska,     inclusion    of,    in    Cen- 


tral Division,  I,  49,  215;  Red 
Cross  administration  in,  I,  57; 
number  of  Red  Cross  chapters 
in,  I,  64 ;  number  of  Red  Cross 
members  in,  I,  121,  135;  dele- 
gates from,  to  home  service 
conference,  II,  106;  nurses  en- 
rolled from,  II,  161,  166,  175; 
Junior  Red  Cross  members  in, 
II,  188-191;  number  of  junior 
auxiliaries  in,  II,  190 ;  finan- 
cial statistics  of  Junior  Red 
Cross  in,   II,    191 

Negroes,  donation  of,  to  Red 
Cross,  I,  155,  156;  work  of, 
for  Red   Cross,   II,    29 

Nevada,  Junior  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership  in,    II,    190 

New  Hampton,  storm  at,  II,  121, 
122 

New  Orleans  (Louisiana),  Red 
Cross  organization  at,   I,   24 

New  York  (N.  Y. ),  number  of 
Red  Cross  chapters  in,  I,  64; 
Red  Cross  supplies  shipped  to, 
II,   7,  20,  33 

New  York  School  of  Philanthropy, 
director  of,  II,  97 

Newell,  Red  Cross  auction  at,  I, 
188 

Newspapers,  Red  Cross  advertis- 
ing in,  I,  152,  153,  161;  giv- 
ing  of,    to   troops,    II,    47-49 

Newton,  collection  of  pennies  at, 
for  Red  Cross,  I,  195 ;  home 
service   course   at,   II,    103 

Nightingale,  Florence,  work  of,  I, 
2-7,    17,    207,    208 

Nobel  Peace  Prize,  granting  of, 
to    Henri   Dunant,    I,    210 

Northern  Division,  Red  Cross, 
number  of  junior  auxiliaries  in, 
II,    188 

Norton,  Charles  D.,  service  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,  39;  withdrawal 
of,    I,    40 

Notes  and  references,  I,  205-234, 
II,    213-234 

Nurse  Campaign  Executive  Com- 
mittee, selection  of,  II,  164 

Nurses,  enrollment  of,  as  Red 
Cross  members,  I,  90,  91;  pres- 
ence of,  at  Red  Cross  meeting, 
I,  147;  presence  of,  in  Des 
Moines  parade,  I,  168;  trans- 
portation of,  II,  36:  number  of, 
served  by  canteen,  II,  53;  pro- 
vision for,  during  influenza  epi- 
demic, II,   93,   94;   home  for,  II. 


INDEX 


257 


131;    number   of,   II,    152,    158, 
160,     166-169;     committees    con- 
cerning,   II,     153,     154;     enroll- 
ment  of,    II,    155-158,    160-169; 
qualifications   of,    for   Red   Cross 
service,    II,    156,    157;   uniforms 
of,    II,    157;    pay    of,    II,    157^; 
assignment  of,  to  duty,  II,   157, 
168,    169;    number   of,    in   hospi- 
tal  units,    II,    159;   need   of,    II, 
161-168,       172-174;      exemption 
of,    II,    162 ;    campaign    for,    II, 
162-167;    training   for,    II,    163, 
165,    166,    173;    instruction   giv- 
en   by,    II,    170;    survey    of,    II, 
172-175;      registration      of,      II, 
174;    employment    of,    by    towns 
and    counties,    II,    179,    180 
Nurses'    Associations,    State,   nomi- 
nations by,   II,    154 
Nurses'     homes,     number     of,     II, 
131,    138;    sewing   for,    II,    196, 
197;  furniture  for,  II,   196,  197 
Nursing,    Bureau    of,    nursing   ser- 
vice  in   charge  of,    II,    152 ;    du- 
ties of,   II,   152,   153 
Nursing,    Department    of    (Central 
Division),   head  of,   II,    155;  or- 
ganization   of,     II,     155;     cam- 
paign   conducted    by,     II,     164, 
165,   166;  work  of,  in  influenza 
epidemic,    II,    167,    168 
Nursing,    Department   of    (Nation- 
al), bureau   in,   II,   170 
Nursing        Education,        National 
League     of,     representative     of, 
on    committee,    II,    153 
Nursing     service,     local     committee 
on,     at    Iowa    Citv,    I,     82;     ac- 
count   of,    II,     152-180;     organ- 
ization   of,    II,    152-158;    State 
committees    on,    II,    154;    devel- 
opment  of,    II,    156;    status   of, 
II,     156,     157;     pre-war    activ- 
ities of,    II,    158-160;    continua- 
tion  of,   II,    205,   206 
Nursing  Service,  Bureau  of   (Cen- 
tral Division),   work  of,   52 
Nursing    Service,    Bureau    of    (Na- 
tional),   organization    of,    1,42; 
work   of,    I,    43 
Nursing     Service,     National     Com- 
mittee on,    work  of,    I,    33 
Nursing   Survey  Week,    account  of, 
II,    172-175;'  need  of,   II,    173; 
statistics     secured     during,     II, 
175 
Nursing  units,  organization  of,  II, 
153 


Nuts,   collection  of  pits  and   shells 

of,   II,   34,   35 
Nye,    C.    C,    service    of,    on    Red 

Cross   State   Board,    I,    60 

O.   U.   Bridge   Club    (Sioux   City), 
salvage    station   managed   by,    I, 
197,    198 
O'Brien   County,   Red   Cross   mem- 
bership  in,   I,    135 
O'Connor,    Alfred    H.,    Red    Cross 

speech  by,  I,    146 
O'Connor,    P.    A.,    intervention   of, 
in    Red    Cross    chapter    dispute, 
I,    69 
O'Connor,   J.  J.,   service  of,   as  di- 
rector    of     Bureau    of     Develop- 
ment,   I,    50 ;    service   of,    as   di- 
rector  of   Department   of    Chap- 
ters,  I,   54;    address  of,   at   Red 
Cross   meeting,    I,    59;    chapters 
authorized  by,   I,  63;   assistance 
of,    in    Red    Cross    membership 
campaign,  I,   93,   94 
Oelwein.    work   of    canteen    at,    II, 
53,   218;   registration  of  nurses 
at,    II,    174 
Officers   tarmy),  number  of,  served 
by  canteens,  II,  53 ;  duty  of,  to 
assist  Red  Cross,  II,   124,   125 
Officers    (Red  Cross),   selection  of, 
bv    Red    Cross    chapters,    I,    79, 
80;    uniforms    of,    II,    125,    126 
Ohio,  placing  of,   in   Central  Divi- 
sion,  I,   215 
Ohio   River,   flood   on,   I,   60,    61 
Olives,    distribution   of,    II,    132 
Omaha      (Nebraska),     Red     Cross 
supplies    sent    to,    I,    57;    home 
service     institute     at,     II,     101, 
106 
Operating     caps,     distribution     of, 

II,    26 
Operating    gowns,    distribution    of, 

II,    26,    28 
Operating    sheets,    number    of,    11. 

28 
Oranges,  distribution  of,  to  troops, 

II,    53,    54 
Orchard,    W.    R.,    service    of,    on 
State    Executive    Committee,    I, 
128  ^    ^ 

Organized  charitv,  relation  of,  to 
home  service,  II,  HI,  112;  ad- 
vantages of,  II,  117;  disadvan- 
tage of  name  of,  II,  120,  121 
Organized  Welfare  Bureau  (Sioux 
City),  salvage  station  continued 
for;   I,   201 


VOL.  I — 18 


258 


INDEX 


Organizing  Charity,  American  As- 
sociation of  Societies  for,  mem- 
bers of,  II,   110,    111 

Orpheum  shows,  giving  of,  at 
Fort   Des    Moines,    II,    147,    148 

Orpheum  theatre  (Sioux  City), 
"raid"  on,  for  benefit  of  Red 
Cross,   I,    169 

Orth,  J.  C,  service  of,  on  roll  call 
committee,    I,    128 

Osceola  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in,  I,   135 

Oskaloosa,  work  of  home  service 
section  in,  II,  93 ;  Red  Cross 
canteen    at,    II,    218 

Ossian,  Red  Cross  pigs  loaded  at, 
I,    192 

Ottumwa,    Red    Cross    meeting    at, 

I,  145 ;  work  of  Red  Cross  in, 
during  influenza  epidemic,  II, 
93,  94;   home  service  course  at, 

II,  103 ;  Red  Cross  canteen  at, 
II,   218 

Overseas     dutv,     nurses     assigned 

to,    II,    168 
Overseas    men,    assistance   for,    II, 

143 

Page   County,   Red  Cross   member- 
ship in,   I,   135 
Pajamas,    making   of,    II,    15.    28, 

29 ;    distribution  of,    to   soldiers, 

II,    26.    145 
Palo      Alto      County,     Red     Cross 

membership   in,   I.    135 
Paper,   sale  of,   for  Red  Cross,    I, 

199 
Parades,    description    of,    I,     118, 

160.    167.    168 
Parents,    allowances  for.    II,    219 
Paris    (France),    Red   Cross   chap- 
ters    in,     I,      215;      association 

formed   at.    II,   206 
Parochial    schools,    enrollment    of, 

in  Junior  Red  Cross,   I,   91,  92, 

II.    188 
Patients.    Christmas    gifts    for,    II, 

139:    athletics  for.   II.   146 
Patricola   of  the  Empress,  song  by, 

I,    149 ;    sale    of    flowers    of,    I, 

149,    150 
Patriot's    Fund,    use    of,    for    Red 

Cross   membership,   I.    133 
Patron    membership,    requirements 

for,    I.   90 
Pay,   allotment  of,  II.   59,   61,   62; 

assistance    in    securing,    II,    65 
Pella,    emergency    hospital    in,    II, 

94 


Pencils,   distribution  of,   to  troops, 

II,    54 
Pennies,     collection     of,     for     Red 

Cross,   I,    195 
Pennsylvania,      number      of      Red 

Cross   chapters   in,    I,    64 
Percival,    Carl    F.,    service    of,    as 

manager  of  Red  Cross  shipping 

station,   I,    58 
Perkins,    Marv,    Red    Cross    work 

of,   I,   61 
Pershing,     John     J.,     Red     Cross 

speech  by,    I,    142;   mention   of, 

II,    163 
Persia,   Red  Cross   chapters   in,   I, 

215 
Personal   subscriptions,   taking   of, 

for  Red  Cross,  I,   184,  202,  203 
Persons,  W.  Frank,   service  of,   as 

director    of    Bureau    of    Civilian 

Relief,    I,    214;    cooperation    of, 

with    social    workers,    II,     112; 

comment  by,    on   value  of  home 

service,    II,    117,    118 
Pestilence,   relief   during,    II,    68 
Petticoats,    making    of,    by    Junior 

Red  Cross,   II,   198 
Pewter,   sale  of,  for  Red   Cross,  I, 

199 
Philadelphia    (Pennsylvania),    mo- 
bilization   of    base    hospital    at, 

II,    160 
Philippine      Islands,      Red      Cross 

chapters  in,   I,   215 
Physical      recreation,      department 

of,   at  Fort  Des  Moines,  II,  142, 

146 
Physicians,   enrollment  of,  as  mem- 
bers  of   Red   Cross,    I,    91;    pro- 
vision  for.    II.    44 
Pickles,    distribution    of,    to   troops, 

II,    53 
Picnics,  provision  for.  at  Fort  Des 

Moines,    II,    147,    149 
Pies,    sale    of,    foi*    Red    Cross,    I, 

187;    serving   of,    to    troops,    II, 

47,    49,   54,    55.    148 
Pig  clubs.  Red  Cross  funds  raised 

by,   I,   190-194 
Pigs,    sale    of,    for    Red    Cross,    I, 

190-194 
Pillow    cases,    distribution    of,    II, 

26;     furnishing    of,     during    in- 
fluenza   epidemic,    II,    93,    94 
Pitkins,     H.     "W.,     service     of,     on 

State    Executive    Committee,     I, 

128 
Platinum,   collection  of,   II,    34 
Playground   and   Recreation    Asso- 


INDEX 


259 


ciation    of    America,    war    work 
of,   II,    120,    121 

Plymouth  County,  Red  Cross 
branches  in,  I,  86;  number  of 
Red  Cross  members  in,   I,    99 

Pneumonia  jackets,  furnishing  of, 
during  influenza  epidemic,  II, 
93 

Pocahontas  County,  Red  Cross 
membership    in,    I,    135 

Poland,   aid  for,   I,   61 

Police  court,  fines  in,  given  to 
Red   Cross,    I,    170 

Polk  County,  donation  from,  in 
first  war  fund  drive,  I,  157; 
contribution  from,  to  second 
war  fund,  I,  173;  campaign  in, 
for  nurses,  II,  164  (see  also 
Des   Moines) 

Poor  relief,  training  for,  II,  113, 
114 

Pop,  serving  of,  to  soldiers,  II, 
148 

Pop  corn,  distribution  of,  to 
troops,    II,    54 

Porto  Rico,  Red  Cross  chapters 
in,    I,    215 

Positions,  securing  of,  for  soldiers, 
II,    53 

postal  cards,  giving  of,  to  troops, 
II,  47,   49,   53,    54,   132 

Posters,  use  of,  in  Red  Cross  cam- 
paigns,   I,    106 

Potatoes,  raising  of,  for  Red 
Cross,  I,  195 ;  anxiety  of  sol- 
dier  over,    II,    136 

Pottawattamie  County,  Red  Cross 
chapter  of,  I,  76-78;  second 
war   fund   drive   in,    I,    165 

Pottawattamie  County  Plan, 
scheme  of,   I,    165 

Poweshiek  County,  Red  Cross 
membership  in,  I,  135;  Junior 
Red  Cross  membership  in,  II, 
190 

President  of  the  United  States, 
proclamation  of,  concerning  Red 
Cross,  II,  156  (see  also  Wilson, 
Woodrow) 

"Princess  Pat's",  survivor  of,  I, 
146 

Private  homes,  Red  Cross  work- 
rooms  in,   II,    12 

Private  schools,  enrollment  of,  in 
.Junior   Red  Cross,  I,    91,   92 

Production,   increase  in,   II,   5,  6,  7 

Prosper,  donation  from,  to  Red 
Cross,   I,    157 

Prussia,  war  with,  I,   18,  20,   21 


Public  health.  Red  Cross  work 
for,   II,    205' 

Public  Health,  Ameriran  Journal 
of,  editor   of,   II,    203 

Public  health  nursing,  standards 
for,   II,    157 

Public  Health  Nursing,  National 
Organization  of,  representative 
of,   on   committee,   II,    153,    154 

Public  Health  Service,  United 
States  (see  United  States  Pub- 
lic   Health    Service) 

Public  schools,  enrollment  of,  in 
Junior  Red  Cross,   I,   91,   92 

Publicity,  local  committee  on,  I, 
80,  82;  provision  for,  I,  128, 
162,    163,    167 

Publicity,  Bureau  of  (Central  Di- 
vision),   work    of,    I,    53,    54 

Publicity,  Bureau  of  (National), 
organization  of,  I,  43 ;  work  of, 
I,   44 

Purchasing,  committee  on,  I,  80, 
82,  II,  4 ;  difficulties  of,  II,  6,  7 

Pve,  Charles,  service  of,  to  Ju- 
'nior   Red  Cross,   II,    189 

Quilts,    making    of,    II,    31,    197, 

198 
Quincv    (Illinois),    advertising    in, 

I,  154 

Quotas,  fixing  of,  in  second  war 
fund  drive,  I,  162,  163;  as- 
signment of,  to  chapters,  II,  6 

Raffles,  objections  of  Red  Cross 
to,  I,   184 

Rags,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
199 

Railroads,    canteens   on,   II,   42 

Ralston  (Nebraska),  aid  for,  I, 
61 

Rankin,  Mr.,  letter  from,  on  Des 
Moines    advertising,    I,    154 

Ray,  Hal,  Red  Cross  members  se- 
cured by,   I,   95 

Razors,  distribution  of,  to  soldiers, 

II,  141,    145 

Read,     Mrs.     Ralph     L.,     surgical 

dressings    work    in    charge    of, 

II.   11 
Reading   matter,    furnishing   of,   to 

soldiers,   II,   40,   42,   45,    47,    49 
Rending    room,    provision    for,    II, 

53 
Recreation,   department  of,   at  Fort 

Des  Moines,  IT,    142 
Recreational     officer,     Red     Cross, 

work    of,    II,    131 


260 


INDEX 


Red  cross,  use  of,  as  emblem,  I, 
15 

Red  Cross,  American,  formation 
of,  I,  18-36;  disaster  relief  pro- 
vided bv,  I,  24-26,  35,  36,  60, 
61,  II,  121-123;  charter  of,  I, 
26,  28;  organization  of,  I,  26- 
36,  214,  215,  II,  156;  officers 
of,  I,  28,  29,  II,  203,  204;  re- 
ports of,  I,  28,  213,  214;  Gen- 
eral Board  of,  I,  29,  30;  Exec- 
utive Committee  of,  I,  30,  31; 
Central  Committee  of,  I,  30, 
32:  buildings  of,  I,  31,  32,  II, 
131,  132,  138-141;  departments 
of,  I,  32,  33 ;  State  boards  of, 
I,  33-35,  213;  war  organiza- 
tion of,  I,  37-59;  bureaus  of,  I, 
42,  43 ;  National  Headquarters 
of,  I,  42-44,  212,  213;  divi- 
sions of,  I,  45,  54;  chapters  of, 
I,  45,  46,  48,  49,  61-82; 
branches  of,  I,  46,  47,  49,  82- 
89 ;  auxiliaries  of,  I,  47-49 ;  or- 
ganization of,  in  Iowa,  I,  54- 
89 :  convention  of,  at  Des 
Moines,  I,  59;  membership  in, 
I,  90-136,  221;  National  Mem- 
bership Campaign  Committee  of, 
I,  100,  101;  publicity  for,  I, 
106,  107,  152-154,  161,  162; 
use  of  flags  of,  I,  107;  Christ- 
mas membership  campaign  of, 
in  Iowa,  I,  109-122;  number  of 
members  in,  I,  121,  122,  134- 
136;  funds  of,  I,  137,  138, 
139,  174,  175;  finances  of,  I, 
137-203;  duties  of  treasurer  of, 
I,  139,  140 ;  bond  of  treasurer 
of,  I,  140 ;  financial  report  of, 
I,  140,  141;  National  War  Fi- 
nance Committee  of,  I,  141, 
142;  war  fund  of,  I,  141-182; 
first  war  fund  drive  of,  I,  142- 
158;  sale  of  articles  for  benefit 
of,  I,  149-152;  advertising  of, 
at  Des  Moines,  I,  152-154;  sec- 
ond war  fund  drive  of,  I,  158- 
182;  opposition  of,  to  war 
chests,  I,  175-182;  official  stat- 
us of.  I.  177;  financing  local 
organizations  of,  in  Iowa,  I, 
185-203:  contribution  of  Iowa 
to,  I,  202:  functions  of.  II,  1; 
work  of  women  for,  II,  1-38; 
creation  of  War  Council  of,  II, 
3 ;  pTirchase  of  supplies  by,  II, 
6.  7:  workrooms  of,  II,  8-11, 
12,    13 ;    failure  to   follow  direc- 


tions of,  II,  14-17;  letter  from 
State  director  of,  II,  16;  pro- 
duction of  Red  Cross  supplies 
for,  II,  17-31;  value  of  articles 
produced  by,  II,  18-25 ;  Belgian 
relief  work  of,  II,  31-33;  work 
of,  for  conservation,  II,  34,  35 ; 
motor  corps  of,  II,  35-38;  can- 
teen service  of,  II,  39-58;  home 
service  work  of,  II,  59-123, 
149-151;  social  workers  em- 
ployed by,  II,  66,  67;  work  of, 
during  influenza  epidemic,  II, 
93,  94,  167,  168;  opposition  of, 
to  establishment  of  sanatoriums, 
II,  94;  lecture  on,  II,  104; 
peace  time  home  service  work 
of,  II,  107-121;  representatives 
of,  at  social  workers'  confer- 
ence, II,  120;  camp  service  of, 
II,  124-151;  uniforms  of  offi 
cers  of,  II,  125,  126;  status  of, 
in  camps,  II,  125.  126:  recre 
ational  officer  of,  II,  131;  dis 
tribution  of  supplies  by,  II 
133;  expenditures  of,  at  Camp 
Dodge,  II,  134;  buildings  of 
at  Camp  Dodge,  II,  138,  139 
stafif  of,  at  Camp  Dodge,  II 
139;  Christmas  activities  of 
II,  139,  140;  buildings  of,  at 
Fort  Des  Moines,  II,  140.  141 
work  of,  at  Fort  Des  Moines 
II.  141;  staff  of,  at  Fort  Des 
Moines,  II,  142;  "Jazz  Pa 
rade"  planned  by.  II.  149 
nursing  service  of,  II,  152 
180;  representative  of,  on  com 
mittee,  II,  154 ;  nurses  fur 
nished  by,  II,  158;  campaign 
of,  for  nurses,  II,  161-167 
courses  in  nursing  and  sanita 
tion  given  by,  II,  169-172 
town  and  country  nursing  ser- 
vice of.  II,  176-180;  assistance 
of  Junior  Red  Cross  in  mem 
bership  campaign  of,  II,  195 
government  of,  since  the  World 
War,  II,  203.  204;  return  of 
to  peace  basis.  II.  203-209 
league  of  societies  of.  II,  206 
207:  recognition  of,  by  Cove 
nnnt  of  the  League  of  Nations 
II,    234 

Red  Cross.  American  Association 
of  the.   formation  of,   I,   22,    23 

Red  Cross,  American  National 
Committee,  or  Societv  of  the, 
for   the   Relief   of   Suffering,    or- 


INDEX 


261 


ganization  of,  I,  21;  purpose  of, 

I,  21,  22 

Red  Cross,  International,  origin 
of,  I,  117;  work  of,  in  Franco- 
Prussian  War,  I,  18-20;  inter- 
est of,  in  ratification  of  treaty 
by  United  States,  I,  23;  meet- 
ing of,   I,    25 

Red  Cross,  Junior  (see  Junior 
Red   Cross) 

Red  Cross  auxiliaries  (see  Auxili- 
aries,  Red   Cross) 

Red  Cross  canteens  (see  Canteens, 
Red   Cross) 

Red  Cross  Christmas  membership 
campaign,  purpose  of,  I,  100, 
102 ;  organization  for,  I,  100- 
109;  publicity  for,  I,  106,  107; 
results  of.   I,    121,    122 

Red  Cross  Christmas  roll  call,  or- 
ganization of,  I,  124-127;  re- 
sults  of,    I,    134-136 

Red  Cross  Christmas  seals,  origin 
of,  I,  14;  s,ale  of,  I,  59,  61 

Red  Cross  commissioners,  knitted 
articles   sent  to,   II,    18 

Red  Cross  Committee,  The  Inter- 
national,  supplement   to,    II,  206 

Red  Cross  house,  program  at,  II, 
148 

Red    Cross   institutes,    delegates   to, 

II,  80,    86,    87;    holding   of,    II, 
223,    224 

"Red  Cross  Jazz  Riot",  descrip- 
tion  of,    I,    170-172 

Red  Crofis  Magazine,  The.  quota- 
tion from,  I,  29;  sending  of,  to 
members,  I,  90,  101;  money 
from,    I,    139 

Red  Cross  Nursing,  National  Com- 
mittee on,  appointment  of,  II, 
153;  personnel  of,  II,  153, 
154;  qualifications  of  nurses 
fixed   by,    II,    157 

Red  Cross  Nursing  .Service,  nurses 
enrolled   in,   I,    90 

Red  Cross  Nursing  Service,  Na- 
tional Committee  on.  State 
committees  appointed  by,  II, 
154 

Red  Cro.in  Parade  Manual,  issue 
of,  I,   160 

Red  Cross  State  Board  for  Iowa, 
personnel  of,  I,  60 ;  work  of,  I, 
60,    61 

Red  Cross  Sunday,  I,  159,  160, 
163 

Red  Cross  Treaty,  adoption  of,  I, 
11;    provisions    of,    I,    12,     14, 


15 ;    ratification    of,    by    United 

States,   I,    19-23 
Red  Cross  War  Council    (see  War 

Council,    Red    Cross) 
Red   Cross   Week,    proclamation  of, 

I,  3  42 

Red    Oak,    home    service   work    at, 

II,  88 

Redfield,  corn  husking  at,  for  Red 
Cross,   I,   195 

Reed,  Ralph  J.,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  Red  Cross  case  work, 
I,  59 

Refugee  garments,  local  committee 
on,  at  Iowa  City,  I,  81;  pro- 
duction of,  II,  3,  8,  18,  23,  24, 
27,  28,  30,  193,  196,  197,  199; 
value  of,   II,   18,    24,    196 

Refugees,  clothing  for,  II,  18,  23, 
24,  27,  28,  31-33;  furniture 
for,    II,    197 

Regular  army,  allotment  of  pay 
by,  II,  59 

Relief,  dutv  of  Red  Cross  to  pro- 
vide, II,  67,  68 

Rest   room,   provision   for,   II,   53 

Rhodes,  Knights  Hospitallers  at, 
I,  2 

Riceville,  Red  Cross  auction  at,  I, 
186,   189 

Richardson,  J.  J.,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  State  Board,   I,    60 

Ridgewav,  Red  Cross  pigs  loaded 
at,  I,   192 

Ring,    sending  of,   II,   48 

Ripley,  Allen  B.,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  Publicity  Bureau,  I, 
53 

Ritchie,  Charles  J.,  work  of,  in 
home  service  department  at 
Camp   Dodge,    II,    138 

Rochester  (New  York),  Red  Cross 
organization    at,    I,    24 

Rock  Island  (Illinois),  home  ser- 
vice conference   at,   II,    106 

Rockefeller  Foundation,  gift  of,  to 
Red    Cross,    I,    143 

Rockwell,  Poster,  canteen  service 
in  charge  of,   II,  46 

Roll  call  committee  (Central  Di- 
vision), personnel  of,  I,  127, 
128 

Roosevelt,  Theodore,  bill  concern- 
ing Red  Cross  signed  by,   I,  28 

Roosters,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross, 
I,   188 

Rotary  Club,  Red  Cross  member- 
ship drive  conducted  by,  I, 
117,    118 


262 


INDEX 


Boumania,  Ked  Cross  commission 
to,  I,  44 

Rubber,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
199 

Rummage  sales,  holding  of,  for 
Red   Cross,    I,    199 

Rural  communities,  solicitation  of, 
for  Red  Cross,  I,  106;  response 
of,  to  Red  Cross  roll  call,  I, 
136;  study  of  problems  of,  II, 
98,  102,  103;  need  of  home 
service  in,  II,  110,  111,  113; 
visiting  nurses  for,  II,  176, 
177,    179,    180 

Rural  schools,  drive  for  Junior 
Red   Cross   members  in,    II,    189 

Russell  Sage  Foundation,  Charity 
Organization  Department  of, 
statistics  furnished  by,  II,  66  _ 

Russia,  famine  relief  in,  I,  25; 
Red  Cross  commission  to,  I,  44 

Ryan,  John  D.,  service  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,   40,   214 

Sac  County,  Red  Cross  member- 
ship in,  I,  135 

Sailors,  Red  Cross  supplies  for, 
II,  18 ;  provision  for  care  of, 
II,  39;  number  of,  served  by 
canteens,  II,  49,  50,  53;  care 
for  families  of,  II,  61,  62,  74- 
78,  128,  129;  information  con- 
cerning, II,  64;  aid  of  camp 
service   to,    II,    131 

St.  John,  Walter,  purchase  by,  at 
Red  Cross  auction,  I,   150 

St.  John,   Knights  of,   work  of,   I, 

I,  2,  17;  aid  promised  by,  I, 
10;  part  of,  in  Franco-Prussian 
War,   I,   210,   211 

Salvage    stations,    use    of,    by   Red 

Cross,    I,    197-201 
Salvation        Army,        refreshments 

served  by,   II,   148 
Sanatoriums,   opening  of,   by  local 

Red   Cross  chapters,   II,   94,   95 
Sandwiches,   serving  of,   to   troops, 

II,  47,   49,    53,    54 

Sanitary  Commission.  United 
States  (see  United  States  Sani- 
tary  Commission) 

Sanitation,  share  of  Red  Cross  in, 
II,  131;  share  of  Junior  Red 
Cross   in.   II,    195 

Sargent,  Fred,  purchase  by,  at 
Red   Cross   auction,    I,    150 

Scheuerman,  J.  L.,  work  of,  in 
first  war  fund  drive,   I,   146 


Schmidt,  Emil,  purchase  by,  at 
Red  Cross  auction,   I,   150 

School  auxiliaries,  local  commit- 
tee on,  I,  80 ;  organization  of, 
II,  185,  186;  money  raised  by, 
II,  188  (see  also  Auxiliaries, 
Red  Cross) 

School  nurses,  employment  of,  II, 
179,    180 

Schoolhouses,  Red  Cross  work- 
rooms in,  II,   12 

Schools,  enrollment  of,  as  junior 
auxiliaries,  I,  91,  92,  II,  188- 
191;  solicitation  of,  for  Red 
Cross,  I,  105,  108;  Red  Cross 
membership  campaign  in,  I, 
119;  part  of,  in  work  of  Junior 
Red  Cross,  II,  183-186;  Red 
Cross  dues  of,  II,  186,  187, 
191;  Red  Cross  work  of,  II, 
192-199;  effects  of  Junior  Red 
Cross   on,    II,    200,    201 

Scott,  E.  M.,  service  of,  on  State 
Executive    Committee,    I,    128 

Scott,  George  E.,  service  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  I,  40,  II,  204;  suc- 
cessor  to,    II,    204 

Scutari,  care  of  wounded  at,  I,  3, 
5,    208 

Secretary  of  War,  reports  of  Red 
Cross  to  be  made  to,  I,  28,  140, 
141;  order  of,  concerning  Red 
Cross,  II,  39,  124,  126,  156; 
letter  from,  concerning  Iowa's 
Red  Cross  work,  II,  208,  209 
(see  also  Baker,  Newton   D.) 

Selective  draft,  effect  of,  on  num- 
ber of  soldiers'  dependents,  II, 
59 

Seoul,  Red  Cross  chapters  in,  I, 
215 

Serbia,  Red  Cross  commission  to, 
I,   44 

Service,  emphasis  on,  in  Junior 
Red   Cross,    II,    199-202 

Service  flags,  distribution  of,  by 
Red  Cross,  I,  107-109,  112, 
126,  222,  223;  sale  of,  for  Red 
Cross,    I,    189 

Service  stars,  sale  of,  for  Red 
Cross,    I,    189 

Seward,  William  H.,  statement 
by,   on  foreign  relations,   I,   209 

Sewing,  activity  of  .Junior  Red 
Cross   in,    II,    196,    197 

Shaving  sets,  distribution  of,  to 
soldiers,    II,    145 

Sheets,    distribution   of,    II,    26 

Shelby    County,     number    of     Red 


INDEX 


263 


Cross  members  in,  I,  99,  120, 
135 

Shenandoah,  contribution  from,  to 
second  war   fund,    I,    166,    167 

Shepard,  Mrs.  Finley  J.,  service 
of,  on  Red  Cross  membership 
committee,    I,    100 

Shetland  pony,  sale  of,  at  Red 
Cross   auction,    I,    150 

Ship,  sale  of,  at  Red  Cross  auc- 
tion,  I,    152 

Shipping  Board,  United  States, 
head  of,    I,    39 

Short,  Wallace  M.,  mention  of,  I, 
171 

Shot  bags,  making  of,  by  Junior 
Red   Cross,   II,    198 

Shoulder  shawls,  making  of,  by 
Junior  Red   Cross,    II,    198 

Shriners,  gift  of,  to  Red  Cross,  I, 
196 

Sicily,    earthquake   at,    I,    2 

Sick,  care  of,  bv  canteen  workers, 
II,  41,  48,  49,  50,  52;  visits 
to,    II,    132 

Silver  City,  donation  from,  to  Red 
Cross,    I,    157 

Simmons,  G.  W.,  service  of,  in 
Des  Moines  Red  Cross  member- 
ship  campaign,    I,    94 

Sioux  City,  Red  Cross  auxiliaries 
in,  I,  86 ;  Red  Cross  member- 
ship drive  in,  I,  113-115,  132; 
Red  Cross  meeting  at,  I,  145 ; 
second  war  fund  drive  in,  I, 
168-172;  amount  raised  in,  I, 
169,  196;  fines  given  to  Red 
Cross  by,  I,  170;  Jazz  Riot  at, 
I,  170-172;  sale  of  Red  Cross 
livestock  at,  I,  190;  potatoes 
raised  at,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
195 ;  Red  Cross  salvage  station 
in,  I,  197-201;  Red  Cross 
workroom  at,  II,  13 ;  work  of 
Red  Cross  chapter  at,  II,  28; 
work  of  negro  women  of,  for 
Red  Cross,  II,  29 ;  work  of 
canteen  at,  II,  54,  218;  work 
of  home  service  section  in,  II, 
92 ;  home  service  course  at,  II, 
103,  104;  committee  at,  on 
nursing  service,   II.   155 

Sioux  City,  Organized  Welfare 
Bureau,   secretary  of,   II,   104 

Sioux  Citv  Shriners,  gift  of,  to 
Red    Cross,    I,    196 

Sioux  County,  production  of  Red 
Cross  supplies  in,  II,  27;  con- 
tribution   from,    to    Belgian    re- 


lief, II,  33;  work  of  canteen 
in,   II,    58 

Sisters,    allowances   for,   II,   219 

Skinner,  Merle,  tour  of,  for  Red 
Cross,   I,   164 

Slogans,  use  of,  by  Red  Cross,  I, 
126 

Small,  Frederick  P.,  service  of,  as 
director  of  Bureau  of  Stand- 
ards,   I,   214,    215 

Smith,  Bruce  D.,  service  of,  as 
manager  of  Central  Division,  I, 
50;  address  by,  at  Red  Cross 
meeting,    I,   59 

Snyder,  Samuel,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  State  Board,  I,   60 

Soap,  distribution  of,  to  soldiers, 
II,    141,    145 

Social  work,  relation  of  home  ser- 
vice to,  II,  107-116;  influence 
of  home  service  on,  II,  116- 
121;  value  of  training  for,  II, 
117 

Social  workers,  assistance  of,  to 
home  service,  II,  65-67,  85-88; 
lack  of,  II,  99;  relation  of  Red 
Cross  home  service  with,  II, 
112-114 

Social  Workers,  National  Confer- 
ence of,  cooperation  of,  with 
Red   Cross,   II,    67,    120 

Socks,  inspection  of,  II,  15 ;  num- 
ber of,  II,  21,  28,  30,  199;  dis- 
tribution of,  II,  26,  124,  132, 
133,  141;  value  of,  II,  133; 
making  of,  by  Junior  Red 
Cross,    II,    199 

Soldiers,  care  of,  in  Civil  War,  I, 
12-16;  giving  of  Red  Cross  sup- 
plies to,  II,  17,  18;  provision 
for  care  of,  II,  39-45,  125,  142- 
144 ;  number  of,  served  by  can- 
teens, II,  49,  50,  53;  allotment 
of  pay  by,  II,  59;  care  for  de- 
pendents of,  II,  60,  61,  62,  72- 
78,  128,  129,  134-137;  infor- 
mation concerning,  II,  64,  135, 
141;  records  of,  II,  131;  aid 
of  camp  service  to,  II,  131; 
loans  to,  II,  132,  133,  141, 
143 ;  Christmas  gifts  for,  II„ 
140,  148;  information  given  to, 
II,  141,  144,  145:  entertain- 
ments for,  II,  146148;  letters. 
to,  II,  194,  195;  supplies  for, 
made  bv  Junior  Red  Cross,  II, 
196,    197 

Soldiers'  and  sailors'  insurance- 
law,  provisions  of,  II,   61 


264 


INDEX 


Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  (Daven- 
port), Junior  Red  Cross  auxili- 
ary at,   II,    188 

Solferino,  care  of  wounded  after 
battle    at,    I,    7-10 

Solferino,   TJn  Souvenir  de,   I,    10 

Spalding,  Vaughan,  service  of,  as 
director  of  Bureau  of  Military 
Relief,    I,    51 

Spanish-American  War,  Red 
Cross   relief   in,    I,    26,    98 

Speakers'  Bureau,  Red  Cross, 
head  of,  I,  128;  service  of,  in 
second  war  fund  drive,  I,  162, 
163 

Special  relief  funds,  Red  Cross, 
I,    137,    138,    139 

Sprague,  A.  H.,  2d.,  selection  of, 
as  manager  of  Central  Division, 
I,   49 

Stadden,  George  B.,  service  of,  on 
roll  call  committee,  I,  127;  com- 
ment by,  concerning  war  chests, 

I,  177,    178 

Stamps,     soldiers     provided     with, 

II.  49,    127,    132 
Standards,     Bureau     of,     organiza- 
tion  of,   I,   43;   work  of,   I,   43; 
director   of,    I,    214,    215 

State  Board  for  Iowa,  Red  Cross, 
personnel  of,  I,  60 ;  work  of,  I, 
60,    61 

State  Council  of  National  Defense, 
plan   endorsed  by,    I.    165 

State  employees,  solicitation  of, 
for  Red  Cross,   I,   104 

State  Executive  Committee,  Iowa, 
personnel   of,   I,    128 

State  fair,  serving  of  meals  at,  I, 
195 

State  institutions.  Red  Cross  work 
in,    II,   29 

State  University  of  Iowa,  Exten- 
sion Division,  work  of,  for 
home  service  chapter  courses, 
II.    103,    105,    106,    172 

States,  committees  of,  on  nursing 
service,  II,  154;  assignment  of 
quotas  to,  in  campaisn  for 
nurses.    II.    162.    166,    167 

Stationerv,  furnishing  of.  to  sol- 
diers,   IT.    40.    47,    49,    127.    132 

Stevens.  Frederick  "W.,  service  of. 
as  Michisan  State  director  of 
the  Red  Cross.   I.   78 

Steward.  Charles  A.,  service  of, 
as  director  of  Bureau  of  Mili- 
tary Relief.   I,   51 

Steward,  J.  R.,  service  of,  as  field 


director   of  Red   Cross,    II,    139 

Stillman,  C.  C,  presence  of,  at 
conference,    II,    106 

Storm  Lake,  Red  Cross  auction 
at,  I,  188;  registration  of 
nurses   at,    II,    174 

Storms,  relief  work  after,  II,  121, 
122 

Storerooms,  Red  Cross  work- 
rooms  in,  II,   12 

Story  County,  success  of  first  war 
fund  drive  in,  I,  156;  chickens 
donated  to  Red  Cross  in,  I, 
190,    191 

Stout,  J.  E.,  service  of,  as  direc- 
tor of  Junior  Red  Cross,  II, 
185 

Studebaker,  John  Ward,  comment 
by,  on  Junior  Red  Cross,  II, 
182,  199,  200;  service  of,  as 
director  of  Junior  Red  Cross, 
II,    184 

Student  nurses,  enrollment  of,  II, 
165.    166 

Students'  Army  Training  Corps, 
Red  Cross  supplies  sent  to,  II, 
26;    camp   service   for,    II,    133 

Sugar  Division  of  Food  Adminis- 
tration,  fines  levied  by,   I,    197 

Sunny,  Bernard  E.,  service  of,  as 
director  of  second  war  fund 
drive,    I,    162 

Suppers,  furnishing  of,  to  troops, 
II,   53,   56,    57 

Supplies,  local  committee  on,  I, 
80,  81;  disposal  of,  from 
branches,  I,  83,  84,  87,  88,89; 
production  of,  in  the  United 
States,  II,  1,  3.  17-19;  bureau 
in  charge  of,  II,  3,  4;  inspec- 
tion of.  II.  4,  11,  12,  15,  19, 
20,  26:  demand  for,  II,  7; 
shipment  of.  II,  7,  8 ;  produc- 
tion of,  in  Central  Division,  II, 
19-22;  production  of,  in  Iowa, 
II,  22-31;  transportation  of, 
II,  35,  36;  production  of,  by 
Junior  Red  Cross.  II,  192-199; 
end  of  production   of.   II.   205 

Supplies.  Bureau  of,  work  of,  I, 
52.   II,    19.    20 

Supplies  and  Transportation,  Bu- 
reau of.   director  of,  I,  215 

Supply,  department  of,  at  Fort  Des 
Moines.    II.    142 

Supply  Service,  Bureau  of,  crea- 
tion of,  II,  3 :  purpose  of,  II,  3 

Surgeons,   provision  for,   II.   43,  44 

Surgical    dressings,    committee    on. 


INDEX 


265 


I,  80,  81,  II,  4;   production  of, 

II,  1,  3,  8,  9,  10,  16-20,  23, 
24,  27-30,  193,  196-199;  direc- 
tor in  charge  of,  II,  11;  classes 
for,  II,    16;   value  of,   II,   18,  24 

"Surgical  Dressings  Unit",  organ- 
ization  of,    I,    70 

Surgical  supplies,  distribution  of, 
to    soldiers,    II,    141 

Survey.  The.  quotation  from,  con- 
cerning Red  Cross,  I,  35,  36, 
II,    75,    76 

Surgeon  General  of  the  Army,  re- 
quest of,  for  nurses,  II,  152, 
158,  161,  166;  service  of,  on 
committee,  II,  153 ;  nurses 
under  command  of,  II,  157; 
nursing  survey  asked  by,  II, 
172  (see  also  Gorgas,  William 
C.) 

Surgeon  General  of  the  Nav^-, 
service  of,  on  committee,  II, 
153  ;  nurses  under  command  of, 
II,  157;  request  of,  for  nurses, 
II,  161  (see  also  Braisted, 
William   C.) 

Sustaining  membership,  require- 
ments  for,   I,    90 

Svsraddling  blankets,  making  of,  by 
Junior  Red   Cross,    II,    198 

Swea  City,  production  of  Red 
Cross   supplies   in,    II,   27 

Svreaters,  standardization  of,  II, 
5 ;  number  of,  furnished  by 
Central  Division,  II,  20,  21; 
distribution  of,  II,  26,  124, 
132,  133,  141,  145;  number 
of,  II,  31;  value  of,  II,  133; 
need  of,  for   soldiers,   II,    139 

Switzerland,  Federal  Council  of. 
Red  Cross  conference  called  by, 
I,    11 

Syracuse  (Nevp-  York),  Red  Cross 
organization    at,    I,    24 

Syria,  donations  for  relief  in,  I, 
*  203 ;  Red  Cross  chapters  in,  I, 
215 

Tables,  making  of,  by  Junior  Red 
Cross,    II,    197,    199 

Tables  of  Red  Cross  activities,  II, 
24,    25,    169,    175,    190,    191 

Taborets,  making  of,  by  Junior 
Red    Cross,    II,    197 

Taft,  Ina  M.,  service  of,  as  direc- 
tor  of   Woman's    Bureau,    I,    53 

Taft,  William  Howard,  service  of 
to  Red  Cross,  I,  28,  29,  30,  39 
Red    Cross    speech    by,    I,    142 


election  of,  as  vice  president  of 
the  American  Red  Cross,  II, 
204 

Tag  days,  objections  of  Red 
Cross  to,   I,    184 

Talcum  powder,  distribution  of,  to 
soldiers,   II,    145 

Tama,  Red  Cross  auction  at,  I, 
186,  187;  work  of  Red  Cross 
chapter  at,  II,  27;  Red  Cross 
canteen    at,    II,    218 

Tama  County,  Red  Cross  member- 
ship   in,    I,    135 

Teachers,  cooperation  of,  with  Ju- 
nior Red  Cross,  II,  183,  184; 
opinions  of,  concerning  Junior 
Red  Cross,   II,  201,    202 

Telegrams,  sending  of,  for  troops, 
II,    47,    132,    143,    145 

Telephone  calls,  sending  of,  II, 
143,   145 

Theatre  parties,  giving  of,  at  Fort 
Des  Moines,   II,   147 

Thrift,  emphasis  on,  in  Junior 
Red   Cross,    II,    200,    201 

Ticket-selling,  objections  of  Red 
Cross  to,   I,    184 

Tin,   collection   of,   II,   34 

"Tiny  B"  (pony),  sale  of,  at  Red 
Cross  auction,   I,   150 

Tipton,  contributions  from,  to  sec- 
ond  war  fund,   I,    173 

Tobacco,  furnishing  of,  to  soldiers, 
II,   40,  42.  45,  47,  49,   127,   145 

Toledo,  Red  Cross  membership 
record    of,    I,    130 

Tomatoes,  distribution  of,  to 
troops,   II,   54,    55 

Tooth  brushes,  distribution  of,  to 
soldiers,    II,    141,    145 

Tooth  paste,  distribution  of,  to 
soldiers,    II,    145 

Towels,  distribution  of,  II,  26, 
47;  making  of,  by  Junior  Red 
Cross,   II,    199 

Town  and  Country  Nursing  Ser- 
vice,   work   of,    II,    176-180 

Towne,  O.  B.,  Red  Cross  speech 
bv,  I,  147;  Kepford  congratu- 
lated by,    I,    156 

Towns,  rivalries  between,  I,  72- 
77:  visiting  nurses  for,  II,  176, 
177,    179 

Townsend,  L.  J.,  talks  by,  at 
home   service    course,    II,    105 

Traders'  Exchange,  beeves  donated 
by,    I,    169 

Traer,  Red  Cross  auction  at,  I, 
187 


266 


INDEX 


Training  School  for  Girls  (Mitch- 
ellville),  Junior  Red  Cross  aux- 
iliary  at,   II,    188 

Trains,  canteen  workers  at,  II, 
42,   43,    45 

Transportation  and  Supply  Ser- 
vice, Bureau  of,  organization 
of,  I,  42,  II,  3 ;  work  of,  I,  44, 
II,    4 

Travers,  Mrs.  Frank  C,  work  of, 
in  first  war  fund  drive,   I,    146 

Trench  candles,  making  of,  by  Ju- 
nior  Red   Cross,    II,    198 

Troop  trains,  meeting  of,  by  can- 
teen  workers,    II,    42,    43,    45 

Troops,  provision  for  care  of,  II, 
39-45 ;  number  of,  aided  by 
canteen  service,  II,  46,  49,  50, 
52-55 

Tuberculosis,  campaign  against,  I, 
61 ;  provision  for  care  of,  II, 
65 ;  care  of  soldiers  with,  II, 
80 

Turkey,  sale  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I, 
188 

Union  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership in,   I,    136 

United  States,  ratification  of 
Geneva  Treaty  by,  I,  19-23; 
Red  Cross  divisions  in,  I,  45 ; 
number  of  Red  Cross  chapters 
in,  I,  48,  49;  Red  Cross  mem- 
bers in,  I,  92,  93,  121;  success 
of  second  war  fund  drive  in,  I, 
162;  attitude  of,  toward  con- 
gress at  Geneva,  I,  209;  pro- 
duction of  Red  Cross  supplies 
in,  II,  17-19;  soldiers  to  be  fed 
by,  II,  51;  districts  of,  for  fam- 
ily relief,  II,  68;  number  of 
Junior  Red  Cross  members  in, 
II,  190;  membership  of,  in 
League  of  Red  Cross  Societies, 
II,   206,   207 

United  States  Public  Health  Ser- 
vice, surgeon  general  of,  II, 
153 ;  nurses  assigned  to,  II, 
168;  cooperation  of,  with  Red 
Cross,    II,    168 

United  States  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion, organization  of,  I,  12 ; 
work  of,  I,  12-17;  donation  to, 
I,    156 

United  States  Shipping  Board, 
head  of,   I,   39 

United  States  Steel  Corporation, 
gift  of,  to  Red  Cross,  I,  143 

University   Church    (Des   Moines), 


Red  Cross  meeting  at,  I,  146, 
147;  refreshments  furnished  by, 
II,    148,    149 

Vail,  Theodore  N.,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  com- 
mittee,   I,    100 

Van  Dyke,  Henry,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  com- 
mittee,   I,    100 

Vassar  College,  president  of,  II, 
184 

Vicksburg  (Mississippi),  Red 
Cross  organization  at,   I,   24 

Victory  buttons,  distribution  of, 
II,    65 

Villisca,  home  service  work  at, 
II,   87,   88 

Vinton,  second  war  fund  drive 
in,  I,   165 

Visiting  nurses,  need  of,  II,  176; 
qualifications  of,  II,  176,  177, 
178;  support  of,  II,  177;  su- 
pervision of,  II,  177,  178; 
number   of,    II,    178-180 

Vladivostok  (Siberia),  Red  Cross 
supplies    sent   to,    II,    26 

Vocational  rehabilitation,  provi- 
sion for,   II,   65 

"Wacker,  Charles  H.,  address  by, 
at  Des  Moines,   I,   94 

"Wadsworth,  Eliot,  service  of,  to 
Red  Cross,  I,  30,  39;  service 
of,  on  War  Council,  I,  214; 
service  of,  on  Executive  Com- 
mittee,  II,    204 

"Waitresses,  provision  for,  during 
influenza   epidemic,    II,   94 

Wallace,  John  P..  Des  Moines  Red 
Cross  membership  campaign  di- 
rected by,  I,  94-96;  service  of, 
as  chairman  of  Iowa  member- 
ship committee,  I,  109;  service 
of,  as  chairman  of  Red  Cross 
roll  call,  I,  130;  Red  Cross 
meeting  in  charge  of,  I,  147; 
purchase  by,  at  Red  Cross  auc- 
tion, I,  151;  second  war  fund 
drive  in  charge  of,  I,  163 ;  re- 
ports to,  I,  173;  objections  of, 
to  use  of  war  chest,  I,  180, 
181;  service  flag  plan  developed 
bv,    I,    222 

Waller,  F.  C,  service  of,  as  direc- 
tor of  Bureau  of  Accounting,  I, 
53 

Wapello  County,  Red  Cross 
branches     in,     I,    86;     work    of 


INDEX 


267 


home  service  section  in,  II,  92  ; 
work  of  Red  Cross  in,  during 
influenza  epidemic,  II,  93;  en- 
rollment of  nurses   in,   II,    165 

"War  Camp  Community  Service, 
administration   of,   II,    121 

War  chests,  plan  of,  I,  175,  176; 
use  of,  in  Red  Cross  drives,  I, 
175-182;  objections  to,  176- 
182;  failure  of,  in  Illinois,  I, 
178,    179 

War  club.  Red  Cross  dues  paid  by, 

I,  134 

War  Council,  Red  Cross,  appoint- 
ment of,   I,   37-40,   92,    137,  141, 

II,  3 ;  personnel  of,  I,  39,  40, 
II,  119;  chairman  of,  II,  119; 
Junior  Red  Cross  approved  by, 
II,  181;  dropping  of,  II,  203 

"War  Department,  United  States, 
headquarters  for  Red  Cross  sup- 
plied by,   I,  212  , 

War  Finance  Committee,  National, 
creation  of,   I,   141 

War  Fund,  Red  Cross,  creation 
of,  I,  141,  142;  first  drive  for, 
I,' 142-158;  second  drive  for,  I, 
158-182;  disposition  of,  I,  174, 
175;  insuificiency  of,  I,  183; 
contribution  from,  to  canteen 
service,   II,   45 

War  Industries  Board,  agreement 
of,  with  Red  Cross,  II,  7,  34, 
35 

War  risk  insurance,  information 
concerning,  II,  64,  65;  study 
of,    II,   97  ^. 

War  Service  Board  of  Buena  Vis- 
ta Countv,  work  of,  for  Red 
Cross,   I,   165 

War  Service  League  of  Marshall 
County,  work  of,  in  Christmas 
roll   call,   I,    131,   132 

War  Service  League  of  Muscatine, 
work  of,    in   Christmas  roll  call, 

I.   133  T,  ^ 

War  Union  of  Henry  County,  Red 

Cross  aided  by,  I,   165 

Ware,  Charles,  service  of,  as  di- 
rector of  Bureau  of  Supplies,  I, 
52 

Warehouses,  number  of,  II,  131, 
132 

Warehousing  and  shipping,  com- 
mittee on,  I,  80,  II,  4 

Wash  cloths,  giving  of,  to  soldiers, 
II  145;  making  of,  by  Junior 
Red  Cross,   II,    198 

Washington,     Red     Cross     canteen 


in,     II,     45,     218;     director    of 

familv  relief  at,  II,  68 
Washington     (D.    C),    Red    Cross 

conference     at,      I,      100;      Red 

Cross  bureaus  at,  II,   4 
Washington     County,     number     of 

Red    Cross   members    in,    I,    99; 

work  of  home  service  section  in, 

Washington     Union     Station,     Kea 

Cross  canteen  in,  II,  45 
Waterloo,  Red  Cross  auxiliaries 
in  I,  86;  Red  Cross  member- 
ship in,  I,  116,  136;  second 
Christmas  roll  call  at,  I,  131; 
Red  Cross  meeting  at,  I,  145; 
donation  of  money  at,  for  Red 
Cross,  I,  195 ;  work  of  women  s 
motor  corps  at,  II,  37;  work  of 
canteen  at,  H,  53,  218;  work 
of  home  service  section  m,  11, 
92 ;  home  service  course  at,  II, 
103,  106,  107;  enrollment  of 
nurses  in,  II,  165 
Watterson,  Henry,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross  membership  commit- 
tee, I,  100 
Waukon,  registration  of  nurses  at, 

II,   174 
Wayne  County,  contributions  from, 

to  second  war  fund,  I,  173 
Weaver,  James  B.,  service  of,  as 
State  director  of  Red  Cross,  I, 
54  55,  63,  64,  65,  68;  service 
of  on  Red  Cross  State  Board, 
I  '  60 ;  policy  of,  in  organizing 
Red  Cross  chapters,  I,  72;  Red 
Cross  membership  campaign  in 
charge  of,  I,  116;  work  of,  m 
first  war  fund  drive,  I,  144, 
145;  Red  Cross  speech  by,  i, 
147 
Webster  City,  second  Christmas 
roll  call  in,  T,  132;  Red  Cross 
canteen  at,  II,  218 
Webster  County,  organization  ol 
Red  Cross  chapter  in,  1,  b^. 
Red  Cross  branches  in,  1,  »f . 
Red  Cross  members  m,  1,  n^- 
129  136;  second  Christmas  roll 
call' in,  I,  133;  Patriot's  Fund 
of  I  133;  use  of  war  chest 
nlan  in,  I,  179;  Red  Cross 
Workrooms  in,  II,  13;  Junior 
Red    Cross    membership    m,    ii, 

Welch,  F.  A.,  service  of,  as  direc- 
tor of  Junior  Red  Cross,  II. 
185,   187,   189 


268 


INDEX 


Wesley,  donation  of,  to  Red  Cross, 
I,    157 

West  Liberty,  Red  Cross  auction 
at,   I,    186,   189 

Western  League  baseball  park, 
athletic   meet   at,    II,    146 

Western  Newspaper  Union,  Red 
Cross  advertising  distributed  by, 
I,    161 

Western  Union,  delay  of  messages 
on,    II,    130 

Wheel  chair  race,   II,   146 

White,  M.  M.,  service  of,  on  State 
Executive    Committee,    I,    128 

Wiggins,  Lewis  N.,  service  of,  as 
associate  manager  of  Central 
Division,  I,  50;  service  of,  as 
director  of  Bureau  of  Develop- 
ment, I,  50;  service  of,  as  cam- 
paign manager  for  Central  Di- 
vision. I,  109;  service  of,  in 
second  war  fund  drive,  I,   162 

Williams,  B.  F.,  work  of,  in  first 
war  fund  drive.   I.   146 

Williams,  John  Skelton,  election 
of,  as  treasurer  of  the  Amer- 
ican  Red  Cross,   II,   204 

Wilson,  Emma  C,  service  of,  as 
field  secretary,  II,  165;  courses 
in   charge  of,   II,    172 

Wilson,  Mrs.  William  E.,  record 
of,  in  Red  Cross  work,  II,  29, 
30 

Wilson,  Woodrow,  office  of,  in  Red 
Cross,  I,  28,  II,  204;  address 
of,  at  dedication  of  Red  Cross 
building,  I,  32;  appointment  of 
Red  Cross  War  Council  by,  I, 
37-40;  proclamations  of,  con- 
cerning Red  Cross,  I,  111,  124, 
125,  142,  146,  160,  161;  Red 
Cross  War  Council  appointed 
by,  I,  141 ;  turkey  presented  to, 
I,  188;  presidential  suite  turned 
over  to  Red  Cross  by,  II,  45 ; 
Junior  Red  Cross  endorsed  by, 
IL  182,  183,  184;  head  of  Red 
Cross    appointed  by,    II,    203 

Windsor,  Mrs.  Helen  Howell,  ap- 
pointment of,  as  director  of  Bu- 
reau of  Woman's  Work  for 
Iowa,  II,  11:  appointment  of, 
as  associate  director  of  the  Bu- 
reau  of  Development,    II,    11 

Winnebago  Countv,  Red  Cross  auc- 
tion   in,   I,    186,    187 

Winneshiek  County,  organization 
of  Red  Cross  chapter  in,  I,  82 ; 
Red  Cross   pig  club  in,    I,    191- 


194;    Junior    Red    Cross    organ- 
ized   in,    II,    188 

"Winneshiek  County,  Iowa,  Hog 
Special",    description    of,    I,  193 

Wisconsin,  inclusion  of,  in  Cen^ 
tral  Division,  I,  49,  215;  num 
ber  of  Red  Cross  chapters  in,  I, 
64;  number  of  Red  Cross  mem 
bers  in,  I,  121;  use  of  Red 
Cross  service  flags  in,  I,  223 
students  from,  in  home  service 
institute,  II,  102;  nurses  en 
rolled  from,  II,  161,  166,  167 
175;  part  of,  in  nurses'  parade, 
II,  164;  Junior  Red  Cross 
members  in,  II.  189,  190,  191. 
number  of  junior  auxiliaries  in. 
II,  190;  financial  statistics  of 
Junior  Red  Cross  in.  II,   191 

Wives,    allowance   to,    II,    219 

Woman's  Bureau  (Central  Divi- 
sion),  work  of,   I,   52,   53 

Woman's  Bureau  (National),  es- 
tablishment of,  II,  3 ;  work  of, 
JI,    3,   4 

Woman's  Work,  Bureau  of,  organ- 
ization of,   I.   43  ;   work  of,   I,  44 

Woman's  Work  for  Iowa,  Bureau 
of,    director   of,    II,    11 

Women,  instruction  for,  I,  80 
work  of,  for  Red  Cross,  I,  108 
116,  195,  II,  1-38;  organiza 
tion  of,  for  Red  Cross  work,  II 
2-8,  11,  12;  number  of,  in  Red 
Cross  work,  II,  5,  18,  27 
workrooms  of,  II,  8-11;  dress 
of,  in  workrooms,  II,  9,  10 
production  of  Red  Cross  sup 
plies  by,  II,  17-31;  value  of  ar 
tides  produced  by,  II,  18,  19 
21-25;  work  of,  in  canteens,  II 
44,   45 

Women's  Clubs,  City  Federation  of 
(Des  Moines),  work  of,  in  first 
war  fund  drive,  I,   146 

Women's  Council  of  National  De- 
fense, membership  canvass  by, 
I,  130,  131;  work  of,  for  Bel- 
gian relief,   II,    33 

Women's  Volunteer  Motor  Corps, 
organization  of,  II,  35,  36; 
work  of,  II.  37,  38  (see  also 
Motor  Corps) 

Woodbury  County,  Red  Cross 
branches  in,  I,  86;  Red  Cross 
auxiliaries  in,  I,  86 ;  donation 
from,  to  first  war  fund,  I,  157; 
second  war  fund  drive  in,  I, 
168-172;   Red  Cross  salvage  sta- 


INDEX 


269 


tion  in,  I,  197-201;  Red  Cross 
workroom  in  courthouse  of,  II, 
13  ;  work  of  Red  Cross  chapter 
of,  II,  28 ;  work  of  home  ser- 
vice section  in,  II,  92 
Woodward,   Red  Cross   auction   at, 

I,  187 

Workrooms,  Red  Cross,  descrip- 
tion   of,    II,    8-13;    directors   of, 

II,  9,    10,  11 

World  War,  enrollment  of  nurses 
for,   II,   160-169 

Worth,  Harry,  work  of,  as  field 
director  at  Fort  Des  Moines,  II, 
140 ;  resignation  of,  as  director, 
II,  227 

Worth  County,  Red  Cross  member- 
ship in,   I,   136 


Wounded,  care  of,  by  canteens, 
II,  49,  50,  52 ;  assistance  of 
home  service  to,   II,   64 

Wright  County,  Red  Cross  mem- 
bership  in,   I,    136 

Wristlets,  number  of,  II,  21,  31; 
distribution  of,  to  soldiers,  II, 
133;   value  of,  II,   133 

Young,  Lafayfltte,  service  of,  on 
Red  Cross   State  Board,    I,   60 

Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, raising  of  funds  for,  I, 
114,  119,  165;  packages  dis- 
tributed at  building  of,  II,  134; 
ice   cream   served  by,   II,    148 


TMs  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


^' 


Form  L-9-15m-7,'32 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


AA    000  843  550    5 


UNIVERSITY  of  CALIFORN-IA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 

LIBRARY 


